The Powerful Character of Pearl in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Powerful Character of Pearl in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter   â â One of the most noteworthy journalists of the sentimental period in American writing was Nathaniel Hawthorne.â Hawthorne composed stories that restricted the thoughts of Transcendentalism. Since he had precursors of Puritan conviction, Hawthorne composed numerous tales about Puritan New England.â His generally renowned story is the Scarlet Letter.â This epic recounts the discipline of a lady, Hester Prynne, who submitted infidelity and brought forth Pearl.â A clergyman of Boston, Arthur Dimmesdale, took part in an extramarital entanglements with Hester while accepting that her better half, Roger Chillingworth, had died.â â However, Chillingworth didn't kick the bucket and shows up during the beginning periods of Hester's discipline.    â â â The reason for this paper is to examine the character of Pearl in the Red Letter.â Her entire life had numerous troubles while living in Puritan New England.â Furthermore, Pearl shows a lot of parallelism to the red letter that Hester must wear.â Finally, Pearl's introduction to the world increased the contentions in the novel.â â Clearly, Pearl turns into the image of all the other significant characters' disasters.    â â â The character of Pearl in the Scarlet Letter carried on a troublesome life.â Before the novel starts, Hester Prynne brings forth Pearl after having an unsanctioned romance with Arthur Dimmesdale, a Puritan minister.â Pearl's introduction to the world demonstrates that Hester undermined her significant other Roger Chillingworth inciting the stories activity. The tale opens with the individuals of Boston gazing and chuckling at Hester holding Pearl while remaining on the town's scaffold.â At this time, Pearl is three months old. A long time later Hester gets discharged from prison and lives with Pearl in the edges of town.â Since Hester becomes estranged from Boston, Pearl transforms into her mom's just fortune! (Hawthorne 76). Hester makes brilliant red garments for Pearl that equal the red A.â At age three, Pearl perseveres through numerous giggles and jokes from other Puritan youngsters yet pursues them away with stones. Since Pearl's introduction to the world come about because of defied guidelines, she doesn't feel the commitment to follow rules. Despite the fact that her life is a pariah of Puritan culture, Pearl's language shows an elevated level of intelligence.â â Later, Hester gets word that the officers need to remove Pearl from her. Hester takes Pearl to the senator's home where the youngster meets her dad, Arthur Dimmesdale.

Management of Pain in Trigeminal Neuralgia

The executives of Pain in Trigeminal Neuralgia Percutaneous administration of torment in Trigeminal Neuralgia under processed tomography direction Corersponding Author Dr. Mitesh Kumar Fundamental Author Dr. Roy Santosham Co Authors Dr. Bhawna Dev Dr. Deepti Morais Dr. Rupesh Mandava Dr. R. Jeffrey Dynamic Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) is a short, unbearable and maybe the most extreme torment known to man influencing the hemifacial locale. It happens predominantly because of convoluted vessel packing the trigeminal nerves, however as a rule, the specific etiology and pathogenesis stay unsure. The principal line helpful alternative for patients influenced by TN is the clinical line of the executives and patients unmanageable to the equivalent, are offered different obtrusive methods like inflatable pressure, gamma blade medical procedure, radiofrequency removal, and so forth. In this paper, we present percutaneous administration of the torment by infusing neurolytic sedates in the foramen ovale under Computed Tomography (CT) direction as the new and promising strategy of treatment in TN. Watchwords Trigeminal Neuralgia, percutaneous administration, CT direction, neurolytic drugs Objective To assess the viability and security of Computed Tomography guided percutaneous administration of torment in trigeminal neuralgia utilizing neurolytic drugs. Presentation Trigeminal Neuralgia is otherwise called tic douloureux, a term given to this agonizing ailment by Nicolaus Andre in 1756 [1] . TN is an agony which normally is extraordinary, brief, generally one-sided, repetitive stun like including the parts of fifth cranial nerve [2]. It tends to be predominantly grouped into two sorts. First being, the traditional TN (Type I), which is expected to neurovascular pressure, the most widely recognized vessel causing the equivalent being predominant cerebellar supply route followed by front substandard cerebellar course [3]. Second sort is atypical TN (Type II), optional to causes like injury, tumor, numerous sclerosis or herpetic contaminations. The differentiation between these two sorts is principally founded on clinical manifestations [4, 5] as Type I torment is long winded in nature though Type II torment is increasingly consistent. TN is frequently called by numerous individuals as â€Å"the self destruction disease† [6] as the patients who experience the ill effects of it would prefer to end their lives than bear the agony. The underlying line of treatment for TN is clinical administration by drugs like Carbamazepine, Gabapentin, Oxcarbazepine among others. Patients of type I TN may likewise be exhorted microvascular decompression. Those patients who don't react or have contraindications to the previously mentioned medications or experience no adjustment in the force of the torment are called Refractory TN [7]. Such patients are exhorted intrusive techniques like trigeminal nerve square neurolytic square, radiofrequency removal, gamma blade medical procedure and inflatable pressure. We depict our involvement with percutaneous administration of agony by infusing neurolytic tranquilizes in the foramen ovale under CT direction in six patients, experiencing TN. Strategy and Materials utilized Pre procedural work up The pre procedural stir up included clinical assessment and intensive perusing of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) sweeps of the considerable number of patients to preclude any neurovascular strife. Any patient with neurovascular struggle was viewed as a rejection measure in our examination. These patients were accounted for consuming the medications for TN for more than a quarter of a year with no improvement in the torment. The agony score assessment was finished utilizing Numeric Rating Scale [8] and Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale [9] as a gauge assessing point to be contrasted with a similar scoring framework after the strategy. Routine examinations, for example, coagulation profile, liver capacity test, renal capacity test, HIV and HbsAg were done before the method. Numeric Rating Scale Patients rate torment on a number scale from 0-10, 0 being a delineation for no torment and 10 being the most noticeably terrible agony possible. Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale The Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale is a torment scale that was created by Donna Wong and Connie Baker. The scale shows a progression of countenances going from a cheerful face at 0 (No Pain) to a crying face at 10 (Worst Pain Possible). The patient must pick the face that best depicts how they are feeling. In our examination, we utilize the Wong Bakers scale to survey the patients’ torment when the methodology. The neurolytic medications and materials utilized in the strategy were 22 G spinal needle for square, 25 G needle for skin penetration, 2% xylocaine , Iohexol Non ionic complexity medium, 100% liquor, 1ml syringe and ordinary saline arrangement. The patient was placed in the recumbent situation with head put backward occipitomental position (jawline up and neck expanded), went 30â ° to the contrary side of the square. The foramen ovale was recognized under CT direction and a virtual track was made beginning from a point which was 2-3cms sidelong to the edge of mouth on the skin to foramen ovale (Figure 1). When the direction of the needle and the foramen ovale was affirmed on CT examine, the skin at the purpose of passage was invaded by 2ml of 2% xylocaine utilizing a 25G needle. At that point, a 22G spinal needle was embedded at a similar point and pointed toward arranged direction towards the foramen ovale (Figure 2). To keep the needle from entering the oral hole, a finger from inside the mouth can be utilized to manage the equivalent [10]. However, we didn't have any significant bearing this in any of our patients. Following this, negative yearning was endeavored to check for Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) or blood suction. In the event that the suction contained CSF or blood, at that point the needle must be corrected. At that point 0.5ml of blend produced using 1ml of iohexol and 2ml of 2% xylocaine was infused into the objective site so as to check the spread of injectant and precise needle tip position. When the tip of the needle contacts the mandibular nerve root, the patient may whine of the specific comparative agony which he/she has been enduring, along these lines affirming the exact needle tip area. This injectant goes about as a demonstrative square if the trigeminal ganglion is the torment generator with xylocaine giving sedation preceding liquor infusion. A blend containing 3ml of 100% liquor, 1ml of iohexol and 1 ml of saline was made. Of this 1ml of the blend was infused into the foramen ovale (Figure 3 and 4). Post strategy look at filter was performed to lead any confusion. Result Accurate situation of the needle tip in the foramen ovale was found in all the six patients subsequently making 100% specialized progress. Every one of these patients accomplished a critical degree of help with a normal agony score of two following the strategy. Twenty four hours after the strategy, they appraised their decrease of agony at a normal torment score of one. Four out of the six patients ie Patient No. 1, 2, 4 and 6 were totally calmed of their agony with one year follow up without taking any prescription. In Patient No. 3, the system was deserted as during the demonstrative square, the injectant was seen following into CSF storage and fourth ventricle. Persistent No. 5 announced with a comparable agony of TN inside a quarter of a year with a torment score of five, minimal not exactly the pre-strategy torment score of six. The torment was progressively extreme in the pterygopalatine portion, consequently a pterygopalatine shut was done and the patient had a torment score of one twenty four hours after the methodology. Consequently, the underlying trigeminal neurolysis was in part fruitful in this patient. No post procedural difficulty was found in any of our patients. Conversation The trigeminal nerve emerges from the parallel pons at its boss to mid part. It goes ahead in back fossa and converges with the trigeminal ganglion in the Meckels cavern. The trigeminal ganglion is found parallel to the huge sinus. It gives three divisions ophthalmic (V1) section which rises up out of predominant orbital crevice, maxillary (V2) from foramen rotundum and mandibular (V3) from foramen ovale. The trigeminal nerve gives sensation to the face, mouth and supplies the muscles of rumination. TN for the most part includes maxillary division and mandibular division of trigeminal nerve however it might include the ophthalmic division too. The revealed yearly frequency pace of TN is about 4.5 per 100,000 people [11] however the genuine figures might be even a lot higher on account of analytic difficulties related with the infection. TN is more typical in females than guys with a proportion of 3:2 and is normally observed following 50 years old [11]. Trigeminal nerve square is a forthcoming treatment in TN patients who are recalcitrant to clinical line of the board. It assuages the agony and furthermore decreases the symptoms of medications which are utilized for the treatment. Prior examinations were fundamentally done utilizing x-beam or fluoroscopic direction which had its own restrictions as far as picture quality and two dimensional perspectives. Rather than this, CT filter gives great and direct representation of foramen ovale prompting right position of needle [12] and therefore scoring over fluoroscopy. This diminishes the odds of infusing neurolytic operators at inappropriate areas and subsequently lessens the symptoms. In our cases, introductory check CT filter was finished by infusing 1ml of iohexol to decide if the needle is in definite area. This doubly guaranteed us about the area just as the spread of injectant. This was not quite the same as past examinations done utilizing fluoroscopy where an indicative square utilizing xylocaine must be provided so as to affirm the area of the needle tip. We utilized a blend of 3ml of 100% liquor, 1ml of iohexol and 1ml of saline for trigeminal neurolysis be that as it may, Han et al expressed that trigeminal nerve hinder with high convergence of lidocaine (10%) is equipped for accomplishing a middle of the road time of relief from discomfort, especially in patients with lower torment and shorter length of agony preceding the method [13]. Liquor spreads effectively and ought to be utilized mindfully. Different operators which can be utilized bu

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Have No International Experience

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Have No International Experience In the past, we have debunked the prevailing myth that MBA applicants must follow a specific “right” professional path to be accepted to business school. And we now want to dispel the similar myth that candidates must have a certain kind and level of life experience. Applicants often worry that they lack an appropriate amount of international experience, for example, but having international experience is not a prerequisite for or guarantee of admission to a top programâ€"and a dearth of such experience does not suddenly disqualify you, either. That admissions officers want a geographically and experientially diverse class is generally understood, and most MBA candidates these days have had some international exposure, either through personal travel or work. However, keep in mind that international exposure is not limited to physically leaving ones home country. If you are dealing with suppliers abroad or running a weekly conference call with a team in another countryâ€"even if you are an American dealing with this from the United States or an Indian managing these tasks from Indiaâ€"you still have international experience. However, even if you are an American working for a U.S. company with a U.S.-based product or service and U.S.-based customersâ€"as unlikely as that is these daysâ€"you are not applying with one hand tied behind your back. If you have not had the personal resources or the professional opportunities to gain international experience, you can still become a business leaderâ€"the two are not mutually exclusive. So, like all candidates, you will need to explain to the MBA admissions committee how your degree will help you achieve your dreams. Gaining an international education and international exposure through your MBA may just be a crucial step in reaching your goals. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Have No International Experience In the past, we have addressed the prevailing MBA admissions myth that a “right” professional path  exists for applicants to follow. Just as there is no ideal position to have pre-MBA, there is no ideal life experience either. International experience, for example, is not a prerequisite for admission to top programs, so a lack of international experience does not suddenly disqualify you. One could fairly say that admissions officers want a geographically and experientially diverse class and that most MBA candidates these days have some international exposure, either through travel or work. However, keep in mind that international exposure is not limited to physically being out of the country. If you are dealing with suppliers abroad or running a weekly conference call with a team in another countryâ€"even if you are an American dealing with this from the United States or an Indian managing these tasks from Indiaâ€"you still have international experience. However, even if you are an American working for a U.S. company with a U.S.-based product or service and U.S.-based customersâ€"as unlikely as that is these daysâ€"you are not applying with one hand tied behind your back. Again, there is no checklist at the Admissions Office. If you have not had the personal resources or the professional opportunities to gain international experience, you can still become a business leaderâ€"the two are not mutually exclusive. So, like all candidates, you will need to explain to the MBA admissions committee how your degree will help you achieve your dreams. Gaining an international education and international exposure through your MBA may just be a crucial step in reaching your goals. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Have No International Experience In the past, we have debunked the prevailing myth that MBA applicants must follow a specific “right” professional path to be accepted to business school. This time, we want to dispel the similar myth that candidates must have a certain kind and level of  life  experience. Applicants often worry that they lack an appropriate amount of international experience, for example, but having international experience is not a prerequisite for or guarantee of admission to a top programâ€"and a dearth of such experience does not suddenly disqualify you, either. That admissions officers want a geographically and experientially diverse class is generally understood, and most MBA candidates these days have had some international exposure, either through personal travel or work. However, keep in mind that international exposure is not limited to physically leaving one’s home country. If you are dealing with suppliers abroad or running a weekly conference call with a team in another countryâ€"even if you are an American dealing with this from the United States or an Indian managing these tasks from Indiaâ€"you still have international experience. However, even if you are an American working for a U.S. company with a U.S.-based product or service and U.S.-based customersâ€"as unlikely as that is these daysâ€"you are not applying with one hand tied behind your back. If you have not had the personal resources or the professional opportunities to gain international experience, you can still become a business leaderâ€"the two are not mutually exclusive. So, like all candidates, you will need to explain to the MBA admissions committee how your degree will help you achieve your dreams. Gaining an international education and international exposure through your MBA may just be a crucial step in reaching your goals. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed

Menes - Legend of the First King of Egypt

In Egyptian legend, the first king of Egypt was Menes. At least, Menes is the form of the kings name that was used by the 3rd century B.C. historian Manetho. Two other first dynasty kings names are associated with Menes, Narmer (as in the Narmer Palette) and Aha. The Greek historian Herodotus calls Menes Min. The Jewish historian Josephus calls him Minaios and the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus refers to him as Manas. There are various etymologies for the name, including an attempt to connect Menes with the name of the city he founded, Memphis, which he reclaimed by means of dam construction. Diodorus Siculus refers to Manas as the first law-giver. Menes is credited with introducing papyrus and writing (Pliny), founding cities, building dikes and more. Manetho says Menes dynasty had 8 kings and that a hippopotamus carried off Menes at the end of his life. How Menes died is part of his legend, with the hippopotamus version being only one possibility. Pharaoh Menes death after an anaphylactic reaction - the end of a myth says Diodorus Siculus wrote he was chased by dogs, fell into a lake, and was rescued by crocodiles, leading scholars to think possibilities include death by dogs and crocodile. The article, as is fitting an article on the topic of allergy, explains why some think Menes was killed by an allergic reaction to a wasp sting. Source: Steve Vinson Menes The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford, Oxford University Press, Inc., Pharaoh Menes death after an anaphylactic reaction - the end of a myth, by J. W. Krombach, S. Kampe, C. A. Keller, and P. M. Wright, [Allergy Volume 59, Issue 11, pages 1234-1235, November 2004] Go to Other Ancient / Classical History Glossary pages beginning with the letter a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | wxyz

Helena Rubinstein Founder and Head of a Beauty Empire

Dates:  December 25, 1870 - April 1, 1965 Occupation: business executive, cosmetics manufacturer, art collector, humanitarian Known for: founder and head of Helena Rubinstein, Incorporated, including beauty salons throughout much of the world About Helena Rubinstein Helena Rubinstein was born in Krakow, Poland. Her family fostered both her intellectual development and her sense of style and elegance. She left medical school after two years and rejected a marriage her parents arranged, and moved to Australia. Beginnings in Australia In Australia, Helena Rubinstein began to distribute a beauty crà ¨me that her mother had used, from Hungarian chemist Jacob Lykusky, and after two years working as a governess, she founded a beauty salon and began manufacturing other cosmetics created by Australian chemists. Her sister Ceska joined her, and they opened a second salon. Her sister Manka also joined the business. Move to London Helena Rubinstein moved to London, England, where she bought a building which had once been owned by Lord Salisbury, and established there a beauty salon, emphasizing cosmetics to create a natural look. At about the same time, she married Edward Titus, a journalist who helped create her advertising campaigns. She balanced her interest in developing scientifically-based cosmetics and becoming part of Londons social circle. Paris and America In 1909 and 1912, Helena had two sons who would later join her business -- and in the same time period opened up a Paris salon. In 1914 the family moved to Paris. When World War I began, the family moved to America, and Helena Rubinstein expanded her business to this new market, beginning in New York City, and expanding to other major U.S. cities and to Toronto, Canada. She also began distributing her products through specially-trained salesgirls in major department stores. In 1928, Helena Rubinstein sold her U.S. business to Lehman Brothers, and bought it back a year later for about one-fifth what shed sold it for. Her business thrived during the Great Depression, and Helena Rubinstein became known for her jewelry and art collections. Among her jewels were some originally owned by Catherine the Great. Divorce and a New Husband Helena Rubinstein divorced Edward Titus in 1938 and married Russian prince Artchil Gourielli-Tchkonia. With his connections, she expanded her social circle to more of the worlds wealthiest people. A Worldwide Cosmetics Empire Though World War II meant the closing of some salons in Europe, she opened others in South America, Asia, and in the 1960s built a factory in Israel. She was widowed in 1955, her son Horace died in 1956, and she died of natural causes in 1965 at age 94. She continued managing her cosmetics empire until her death. At her death, she owned five homes in Europe and the United States. Her million-dollar art and jewelry collections were auctioned. Also known as: Helena Rubenstein, Princess Gourielli Organizations:  Helena Rubinstein Foundation, founded 1953 (funds organizations for childrens health) Background, Family: Father: Horace Rubinstein (businessman)Mother: Augusta Silberfeldseven sisters Education: public school in Cracowmedical school, University of Cracow (left after two years) Marriage, Children: husband: Edward William Titus (married 1908-1938; newspaperman)children: Roy (1909), Horace (1912)husband: Prince Artchil Gourielli-Tchkonia (1938-1955) Writings Include: The Art of Feminine Beauty 1930This Way to Beauty 1936Food for Beauty 1938My Life for Beauty 1965 (autobiography) Bibliography Patrick OHiggins. Madame, an Intimate Biography. 1971.

Essay Museum Sterotypes - 697 Words

Historically, museums have excluded too many people. I want to eradicate the pervasive mind-set that â€Å"certain people just don’t visit museums.† Today, in an era of public discourse characterized by instantaneous updating and dynamic participation, a savvy public shares knowledge and gains understanding about the experiences of others at the click of a mouse. The Internet, digital media, video games, content sharing, and social networking enhance and create new methods of learning. Regrettably, museums – the giants of knowledge – have fallen behind in regard to inclusiveness, technological innovation, and representation of diverse experiences. Museums hold great power in shaping educational curriculum and public dialogue nationwide.†¦show more content†¦Exhibitions or educational curriculum on the gay civil rights struggles seemed nonexistent. I want my experiences and education to give to a more complete understanding and affirming repr esentation of diverse groups in the halls of America’s museums. To that end, I interned with the Associate Director for Operations at the National Portrait Gallery. Trained as a visual artist, I never imagined myself contributing dialogue on the transformation of a national museum like the National Portrait Gallery, facing a remarkable (and uncertain) era of hyper-accelerated change. This year, I worked to develop content for the museum’s five year Strategic Plan, in accordance with the 2010-2015 Smithsonian Institution Plan. I’ve led focus groups with cross-sections of staff at all levels to aid in forming a consensus on the new direction of the museum, as well as to stimulate conversation across all departments. The staff’s enthusiasm for technological innovation, inclusiveness, and far-reaching access to underserved audiences is encouraging. Furthermore, last month I contacted and met with the CEO of the Velvet Foundation, an organization committed to establishing a National Museum of American LGBT History Culture in Washington, DC. We discussed the plans for the museum; I was invited to take part in a two-day focus group to envision what such a museum will be like, from the exhibitions and programming, to the tone and guiding philosophy. I wouldShow MoreRelatedHow American History Is Constantly Challenged By African American Artist Kara Walker Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesmistress, often over-sexualised and portrayed as a sex toy. Walker believes Western culture has created this specific representation of what it means to be black. Her work as a solo artist has been displayed in the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and internationally the Tate Liverpool in Merseyside, England. The contemporary artist is celebrated for her forms of installation art, focusing on the transformation of site specific spaces. Walkers most recognisableRead More Discuss the Minority Presence in Contemporary British Art Essay3148 Words   |  13 Pagesracial images to sell his work and bring it to the attention of the media, he can not escape having to play into sterotype to maintain success. So although Ofili believes he controls the black image, he must play into a preconcieved one and never advance past the stereotype artistically. Ofili has been accepted by the white art world, but will have to continue to play with sterotypes and use elephant dung to fulfill his token status. Ofilis work then seems very artifical and lacks profundityRead MoreAfrican-American Women: Understanding The Problems of Gender and Race2082 Words   |  9 Pages Why? One reason was that their race defined who they were more than their gender. Another reason was that to support their race also meant that they were supporting their men. â€Å"Six decades ago sociologist Helen Mayer Hacker (1951) noted how sterotypes of blacks and women helped rationalize the inferior status of each: Many people thought both groups were mentally slow, emotional and primitive, and â€Å"contented† with their subordinate role. Blacks were â€Å"inferior†; women were â€Å"weak.† Blacks were

One of Your Own Kind free essay sample

An introduction to the issue of interracial coupling as seen in the musical, West Side Story and in American society. The paper shows how in the Broadway musical, West Side Story, the problems the couple faces are due to the fact that they are of different races. The paper discusses societys way of thinking at the time this play was written in the 1950s and how it has changed to become more accepting of interracial marriages. It discusses, too, those who still oppose interracial marriages. We are not yet blind to racial and cultural differences. When a high school girl dated a boy of mixed background who happened to be half Black and half Polish, when family history came up, both referred to him as African-American, and not Polish-American or as American. It could be argued that those with mixed backgrounds are the most American of all, because they represent more aspects of all those who are Americans. We will write a custom essay sample on One of Your Own Kind or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Perhaps that will be the norm one day, and relationships like that of Tony and Maria will not be so challenged that they can be made the basis of a drama where everyone can understand their dilemma.

A Critical Assessment of the Agricultural Subsidies of the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU)

A Critical Assessment of the Agricultural Subsidies of the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU) Introduction Subsidies are deployed as a means of boosting production, by giving financial grants from one party to another in order to increase production beyond the market equilibrium. From an economist’s perspective, funding has been adopted in different contexts to give varying implications and significance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Assessment of the Agricultural Subsidies of the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines subsidies as â€Å"measures that keep prices for consumers below market levels, or measures that keep prices for producers above market levels† (OECD 2006, p.3). Many economists argue that the term subsidy can be applied to mean all forms of payments made directly by a government to various producers. In light of these explanations, this paper considers subsides as including direct means of regulating the equilibrium between consumption and supply of products and services in the market, among them being cash grants coupled with provisions of interest-free loans from the government. Low-interests loans, tax wavering write-offs of depreciation charged on assets, rent rebates and insurance are also considered among the alternative forms of subsidy. The main purpose of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between the US and the EU agricultural subsidies. The basis for this research is founded in existing literature that relate to economic theories on taxes and subsidies. In addition, to expand on the discussion involving the similarities and differences in agriculture subsidies within the US and EU, as well as their implications on economy, a literature review of economics of subsidies and taxes will be considered first.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Le t's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The paper further presents the differences between the US and the EU agricultural policies, concerning the legislation on agricultural subsidies and the critical reception towards these policies. This section is followed by a discussion on the similarities between the US and the EU’s agricultural policies in the context of benefits to farmers and influences on income. Lastly, the effects of agricultural subsidies on famers, from the dimension of family budgets and taxes are given substantial attention. Economic Theory on Subsidies and Taxes To understand the economic theory on subsidies and taxes, one needs to be aware of the function of subsidy and tax accords within the area of global trade pact. One will get to understand why the government upholds such accords as well as identifying the most preferred way of handling the subsidies within the global trading schemes. Therefore, studies pertaining to the economic impact of subsidies have provoked mixed reactions from economists. For instance, Krishna and Panagariya (2009) argue that, â€Å"subsidies are a form of protectionism or trade barrier by making domestic goods and services artificially competitive against imports† (OECD, 2006, p.236). Such protectionism impairs the ability of consumers to consider and select imported goods and services, in their pursuit of alternative goods that are produced outside a nation’s boundaries through unethical or illegal channels (Anderson 2005, p.165). In the economic sense, subsidies are unethical because they distort the market and impose higher economic costs. In addition to this case, there are different types of subsides that have been outlined. Amegashie identifies employment subsidies, production subsidies and export subsidies as three that are granted by governmental or non-governmental organisations (Amegashie 2006, p.8). Export subsidies take the form of financial support that is offered by a government to exported products and services, in an effort to improve a nation’s balance of payments (Amegashie 2006, p.8). From an agricultural product context, exporting subsidies is significant in nations whose GDP is mainly derived this particular source. However, the impact of export subsidies varies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Critical Assessment of the Agricultural Subsidies of the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the Court of Auditors (2003) argues that, as evidenced by the case of the EU, export subsidies may result inartificially low prices of subsidised products. Furthermore, fluctuations in milk production costs may also occur, as shown in the graph below. Fig 1: Milk products production cost fluctuations in the EU in comparison to other parts of the world Source: Weers and Hemme (2012, p.13) Production subsidies have a key role to play when it comes to product yields. Production subsidies â€Å"encourage suppliers to increase the output of particular products by partially offsetting the production costs or losses† (Krishna Panagariya, 2009, p.237). Thus, the chief aim is to create a means of expansion for the production of certain products at much lower prices than the market forces would make possible (Mankiw, 1997). In doing so, governments also offer their support to consumers of the produced products. In an agricultural context, production subsides may also be provided by offering technical support and financial assistance to help create new agricultural firms and processing plants, possibly on a regional basis. Moreover, employment subsides and incentives, such as social security benefits, are sometimes offered by governments to boost employment levels in certain regions and for certain industries (Szymanski Valletti, 2005). They may also con duct research into new areas of development that would lead to more absorption of unemployed persons.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although subsidies may be seen as a plausible way of regulating and controlling the markets, they attract controversies over their overall impacts on the performance of a nation’s economy. Subsidies influence competitive equilibrium, and from the fundamental principles of supply/demand relationships, particularly in cases where the demand for a given product goes beyond the supply, prices normally fall. Consequently, reduction of goods supplied to levels below the equilibrium quantity results in price hikes (Covey et al., 2007, P.41). Supposing that the bazaar for any product operates flawlessly â€Å"at the competitive equilibrium, the overall effect of subsidies is to increase the supply of goods and services to levels above the equilibrium quantity† (Kym Will 2011, P.1303). This move leads to an increase of costs beyond corresponding gains of the subsidy. That is, the amount of increase is proportionate to the size of the injected subsidy and hence a â€Å"market failure or inefficiency† (Jerome et al. 2006, p.16). For this reason, some economists claim that subsidies are undesirable in a competitive market. This claim is particularly significant in cases where foreign competition is desired. In support of this assertion, Westcott and Young (2004) argue that, instead of lowering the prices of goods and services, subsides make goods produced within a nation, cheaper in comparison to those produced in the foreign nations; hence incredibly reducing foreign competition. In the context of agricultural goods, giving subsidies(especially in the developing nations) implies that such nations are barred from engaging in the international trade in a more competitive manner, since they receive substantially lower prices on products traded on the global market. In economic theory, offering subsidies in the form of tax wavering is considered as an attempt of protectionism (Wyatt Ashok, 2010, p.1927). In such scenarios, market distortion occurs, acc ompanied by social welfare reductions. On the grounds of economic logic, World Bank policies advocate the total removal of subsidies offered by the developing nations, even though it has no mandate to enforce this removal (Westcott Young, 2004, p.11). The impact includes a reduction in revenue generated by producers operating in foreign nations, which can cause tension between the European Union and the United States, and the nations in the developing world that are known to be offering economic stimuli in the form of subsidies. The developing nations protect their local industries against the influx of foreign products. Such foreign products cost less in the developing nations’ markets due to the economies of scale in the production processes and techniques for production used in the developed world’s industries. In summary, subsidies can provide a short-term solution to an industry. However, on a long-term basis, they end up being unethical, often evolving into nega tive effects (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007, p. 26) Comparison of the US and the EU Agricultural Policies The subject of subsidies and tax reduction for agricultural products is approached from different directions, yet in similar ways for both the EU and the US. Subsidising the agricultural sector is done with the ultimate objective of boosting aggregate demand or investment in the agricultural sector (Becker 2002). In accordance to the theory of economics of subsidies, such an attempt causes the cost of production for agricultural products to be lowered for both the US and the EU. Consequently, making products become cheaper than importing them. In both the US and the EU, it is appreciated that the removal of subsidies has the impact of dampening economic activities in the agricultural sector. This blow is dependent to certain issues associated with the agricultural sector budget balance. Appreciating the role of subsidies and taxes in shaping the agr icultural sector in the US and the EU warrants consideration of the differences and similarities between their different approaches to agricultural subsidies. Differences between the US and the EU agricultural Policies Legislation on Agricultural Subsidies The US and the EU have put policies in place that encourage their farmers to produce certain agricultural products at much lower costs, in comparison to the global costs of such products (Alston 2008). Although there have been less legislative efforts to encourage the production of various products in the EU, the governing bodies have implemented policies that ensure farmers receive subsidies for producing certain commodities such as dairy products (Alston 2008). In similar fashion, the US has created a process to facilitate subsidy offers for farmers that produce various products, mainly cotton, through legislation such as the 2010 Farm Bill (Babcock 2007. Subsidising US cotton results in low global market prices of the crop, whe rein levels of making cotton produced elsewhere is unsustainable in the market. Hence, many nations are opposed to the legislation provided in the Farm Bill 2002. For instance, Brazil challenged the US subsidies for cotton farmers at the World Trade Organisation (WTO), stating that this distorted the cotton market at an international level. They further argued that it encouraged an increase in income to large-scale farmers at the advantage of the small-scale and poor farmers in the developing world. This case lasted from 2002 to 2008, when it was concluded with Brazil being the victor. In support of this argument, Riedl (2008, p.316) believes that policies encouraging subsidising of the agricultural products in both the EU and the US products have an opposite impact. However, despite the opposition to the continued indirect funding of the EU and the US farmers through subsidies, Summer (2013) proposes that it is imperative to stop offering direct incentives for production, because s uch a strategy for boosting production makes farmers in the US and the EU compete unfairly with others across the globe. Critical Reception of Agricultural Policies From the above arguments, subsidies on agricultural products, especially by major global giant producers like the EU and the US, are not received in good faith within the international arena. In relation to this, LaBorde (2013) postulates, â€Å"a series of weather-related shocks in 2012- including severe droughts in Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and the United States- contributed to global food prices remaining high for a fifth consecutive year† (LaBorde 2013, Para.5). Although the EU and the US do provide subsidies to different agricultural products, they have refused to heed to these calls. Rather, they have opted to increase subsidies on agricultural sectors domestically. Such strategies have long-term implications on the worldwide food systems, coupled with impairing food securities in the developing nations (Babcock, 2007: Alston, 2008). Similarities between the US and the EU Agricultural Policies Benefits to Farmers According to Westcott and Young (2004), one of the major similarities between subsidies of the agricultural sectors in both the US and the EU is that subsidising has resulted in lowering the costs of production. In fact, â€Å"in 2005, the US government gave farmers agricultural subsidies amounting to$14 billion and in the European Union, dairy farmers received subsidies amounting to $47 billion† (Westcott Young 2004). This equates to more than the sum earned by every person (on average) in the developing nations. This explicitly implies that the US and the EU farmers were able to produce their products much cheaper than those outside of their countries because of government subsidies. Consequently, based on research by Drabenstott (2008), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service’s (2007), foreign traders found it difficult to introd uce their products into these two markets, since the price of the subsidised farm products were lower than those they could sell their products at, even for them to break even. Although such subsidies resulted in stimulation of, and therefore, over-production of subsidised agricultural sector products, farmers in the US and EU benefited in that they were able to place their surplus products in the market in higher quantities. This case meant that the consumption of the products also increased. Influences on Income In 2002, cotton farmers in America earned much of their revenues from the country’s administration through subsidies brought into force under provisions of the Farm Bill (Morgan, Gaul, Cohen 2009). These subsides also stimulated overproduction of cotton in 2002. Much of this excess production was sold to the global markets at much lower prices well below the break-even points of cotton farmers in the developing world. Similarly, in the EU, in 2004,  £3.30 was spe nt in the exportation of sugar worth £1(Oxfam International 2004, p.39). Although, the subsidies had a positive impact on the incomes earned by EU farmers, global market distortions occurred. Subsidies for agricultural products in the US and the EU have an overall impact of protecting revenue losses that are likely to be encountered by EU and the US farmers. However, in the US for instance, farm subsidies favour large-scale farmers over small-scale ones, with non-farm families’ incomes being negatively impacted (see Fig 2). This situation is inappropriate, especially considering that most of the farm families are located in rural areas where the cost of living is lower. Fig 2: Differences between incomes for large farms and small farms in the US Source: (Becker 2002) Effects of Agricultural Subsidies on Famers Family Budgets Farm policies that are realised through subsidies are meant to provide relief on farmers’ household budgets. Unfortunately, they produce opposi te effects, as Becker (2002) states they, â€Å"harm family farmers by excluding them from most subsidies, encouraging the merging of family farms, and raising land values to levels that prevent young people from entering farming† (p.17). This suggests that agricultural subsidies fail to provide relief to the struggling farmers, especially those who are new to farming, because overproduction results in low prices of agricultural products. In turn, the net effect on the capacity to fund family budgets is minimal. Tax Farm subsidies have the overall impact of increasing the cost of living through increased taxes. As the economy for both the US and the EU continues to boom, congress also increases the subsidies offered to farms. Wyatt and Ashok (2010) support this assertion by claiming, â€Å"After averaging less than $14 billion per year during the 1990s, annual farm subsidies have topped $25 billion in the current decade since the passage of the 2002 farm bill, the most expen sive farm bill in American history† (Wyatt Ashok 2010, p.1931). This argument implies that all spending by the federal governments has to be funded by taxes levied from citizens. In the US, Morgan, Gaul, and Cohen (2009) put the costs of farm subsidies at $216 per household in the form of yearly taxes, with an additional extra charging of $104 per household as escalated food prices. Conclusion The central purpose for enacting farm subsidy policies is centred on the need for alleviating poverty among rural farmers, and provision of food security by encouraging over production. Noting this purpose, the paper argues that scrutiny of the impact towards agricultural subsidies from an economic perspective, fails to contend with this aim. This is because such policies result to disadvantaging small-scale farmers outside the EU and the US, since the subsidies result in over production. The repercussion is to lower the prices of products in the global market, with the result that farm ers’ operations in other nations without the subsidies never break even. Within the US and the EU, subsidies create an imbalance of income between families that own farms and those that do not. Agricultural subsidies make families that own farms to earn higher incomes compared to those that do not own farms, yet families owning farms live in the rural areas where the cost of living is low. Hence, overall, farm subsidies have negative impacts on a nation’s economy, even though farmers (especially large-scale farmers) benefit incredibly from higher incomes. The underlying issue however, is that this is achieved at the expense of the smaller farmers operating in the same global market, who do not enjoy farm subsidies. References Alston, J 2008, Lessons from Agricultural Policy Reform in Other Countries: The 2007 Farm Bill and Beyond, American Enterprise Institute, New York. Amegashie, A 2006, ‘The Economics of Subsidies’, Crossroads, vol. 6 no.2, pp. 7-15. An derson, J 2005, ‘Tariff Index Theory’, Review of International Economics, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 156-173. Babcock, B 2007, Money for Nothing: Acreage and Price Impacts of U.S. Commodity Policy for Corn, Soybeans, Wheat, Cotton, and Rice in American Enterprise Institute, The 2007 Farm Bill and Beyond, AEI Press, Washington, D.C. Becker, E 2002, ‘Land Rich in Subsidies and Poor in Much Else’, The New York Times, January 22, pp.17-18. Chapman, D, Foskett, K, Clarke, M 2006, ‘How Savvy Growers Can Double, or Triple, Subsidy Dollars’, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, vol. 2 no.1, pp. 121-127. Court of Auditors 2003, Special Report no 9/2003 concerning the system for setting the rates of subsidy on exports of agricultural products (export refunds), together with the Commission’s replies, Court of Auditors, London. Covey, T et al. 2007, Agriculture Income and Finance Outlook, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, New York. Dra benstott, M 2008, ‘Do Farm Payments Promote Rural Economic Growth? Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Centre for the Study of Rural America’, The Main Street Economist, vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 57-61. Jerome, M, Stam, D, Milkove, L, George, B 2006, Indicators of Financial Stress in Agriculture Reported by Agri ­cultural Banks, 1982-99 AIS-74, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Krishna, P Panagariya, A 2009, ‘A Unification of Second Best Results in International Trade’, Journal of International Economics, vol. 52 no. 2, pp. 235-257. Kym, A Will, M 2011, ‘Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda’, The World Economy, vol. 28 no. 9, pp. 1301–1327. LaBorde, D 2013, The hidden cost of US and EU farm subsidies, ifpri.org/blog/hidden-costs-us-and-eu-farm-subsidies Mankiw, N 1997, Principles of economics, Harcourt Brace, Fort Worth. Morgan, D, Gaul, G, Cohen, S 2009, ‘Farm Program Pays $1.3 Billion to People Who Dont Farm’, The Washington Post, vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 99-103. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2006, Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: At a Glance, OECD Publishing, Paris. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development 2007, Subsidy Reform and Sustainable Development, OECD, Paris. Oxfam International 2004, ‘A Sweeter Future? The potential for EU sugar reform to contribute to poverty reduction in southern Africa’, Oxfam Briefing Paper No. 70. November 2004, pp. 39-40. Riedl, B 2008, ‘How Farm Subsidies Harm Taxpayers, Consumers, and Farmers, European’, Journal of Economics, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 315-321. Summer, D 2013, Effects of Farm Subsidies for the Rich on Poor Farmers, North Western University, California. Szymanski, S Valletti, T 2005, ‘Incentive Effects of Second Prises’, European Journal of Political Economy, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 467-481. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2007, Food Expenditures by Families and Individuals as a Share of Disposable Personal Income data, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Weers, A Hemme, T 2012, Global Review-The Supply of Milk and Dairy Products, Wilhelmitorwall, IFCN Dairy Network. Westcott, P Young, E 2004, U.S. Farm Program Benefits: Links to Planting Decisions and Agricultural Markets, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New York. Wyatt , T Ashok, M 2010, ‘Farm Household Income and Transfer Efficiency: An Evaluation of United States Farm Program Payments’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 91 no. 5, pp. 1926–1937.

Compare the pre-titles sequences of two James Bond films- Goldfinger and Goldeneye Essay Example

Compare the pre Compare the pre-titles sequences of two James Bond films- Goldfinger and Goldeneye Paper Compare the pre-titles sequences of two James Bond films- Goldfinger and Goldeneye Paper Essay Topic: Film There has been a large change in society in terms of excitement for the audience. The old film Goldfinger, and the more recent Goldeneye, are films to suit two different types of audience. Over the past thirty years, there have been higher expectations within the action film industry such as action, humour and stunts. The two James Bond films have many similarities because they are the same theme. The classic opening with the barrel of the gun and blood down the screen are in every James Bond film. It is almost a trademark. Another trademark is the theme tune in both films. People know what the film is just from the theme tune because of its large popularity. The action scene at the beginning is to attract the audience interest and attention. It shows the kind of action to expect. For example, in Goldeneye the start has many stunts such as the bungee or plane. Therefore, it will have lots of stunts later through the film. James Bonds personality is the same. His charm and witty puns is what attracts people to him. The style of his clothes such as his smart white tuxedo makes the audience still familiar with the same type of James Bond. Because he is a ladys man he is admired by both woman, for being attractive, and men, for his exceptional charm with any woman. His similarities with woman are also in the title sequence. The actions of the women give a sort of prologue for the film. As well as many similarities there are also many differences. The technology in the films is very different. They supply an expectation from the audience because they usually get the high-tech gadgets. The action is also different especially the stunts. More modern films such as Goldenye have more thrilling and ambitious stunts. This is done by new technology and graphics. Societys cloths have changed in the past thirty years. In Goldfinger, James Bond wears a wet suit which covers his tuxedo. In Goldeneye he wears a stealthy black outfit for infiltration. The plots of the films have also changed. The bad person in Goldenye is a classic villain who paints his dead victims gold (to go with his name). In Goldenye it has a good agent who seems to be killed. However, the film later reveals that he is actually the main villain. This twist in the film gives a greater excitement to the audience. The directing of James Bond is different. In Goldfinger his moves with a hop, skip and a jump. He has a hand to hand fight with a bad person. These basic actions are what would be expected from a film thirty years ago. However, today it would be seen as boring to the audience. In Goldenye, James Bond sneaks around the facility with a silence pistol. When his cover is blown they end up shooting lots of guards. The large amounts of violence from the deaths of the guards help to fill up the audiences excitement. When his fellow agent is killed which makes it even more interesting James Bond is left pinned with many guns aiming at him. As well as excitement it also builds tension as the audience wonder what he is going to do. To finish the pre-title opening, he rides over a cliff into a plane. Before the title sequence there is a large explosion. All these different actions and violence give a greater thrill. The light and camera angles are also used to entertain the audience. In Goldfinger the scene is done under the cover of darkness. Although in Goldenye it is done during the day. This is to make the scene look more dangerous as he will be more easily seen. This builds up tension for the audience. He meets the other agent in a dark storage room to show the stealth of the mission. The stealth makes it look even more exciting. Camera angles in Goldfinger are mainly focused on him. James Bonds facial expressions are used to emphasise action and danger. The camera angles on Goldeneye are focused on him and the surrounding area. The close up shots is used to create the feelings of tension with facial expressions. The far out shots indicate danger and large action scenes. For example, the far out shot of the dam in Goldenye shows the danger James Bond has to do. When the camera looks over the dam to show the great height it makes the audience nervous from looking at the great height. There are far more camera angles in the modern film with quicker shots. This is used to build up the tension and excitement in the audience. For example, when James Bond is running along the dam there are many angles. These are focused from a side to show his action, at his feet to show the pace of his running and his body from a far out shot to show the distance of his running. These fast camera shots are used to build up the excitement. There are no camera angles on his face to help create mystery. Because it does not show his face the audience cannot be completely sure it is James Bond. The only sound in the film is the running of his feet which also create tension. In Goldfinger, there are only a few camera angles which change over a longer time. This does not create as much excitement and tension in the audience. They are mainly further out shots so the shot captures more of James Bond from one angle. The camera angles was not as important in that time as society had a lower expectation for action and thrill. The title sequences of the two films are different because of the change in society. There are naked woman in Goldeneye because it entertains the audience more. It is now seen as acceptable in society to show woman naked because of the more lax nature. There are dressed woman in Goldfinger but are wearing revealing cloths. The film has tried to make the woman as naked as possible without overstepping the boundaries of society. People have higher expectations in Goldeneye than in Goldfinger. They want more killing, violence and stunts. This is to give the audience an all round thrill. The action in the film is represented with music to give an audio perspective. The music is usually the James Bond theme so people can always associate it with action and excitement. As well as expectations of the film, people also have expectations of James Bond. They want him to have action, humour as well as some sexual content. This is because it is what the audience have previously seen from James Bond and enjoys his personality. His classic speech of Bond, James Bond is well known and used by every actor to identify him as James Bond. The technology in both films has gadgets, cars and woman. This is the usual from James Bond and is admired by men as they are boys toys. The technology has to keep up with society. In Goldfinger, James Bonds explosive was on a timer like a clock. In the more recent Goldfinger, the explosive were on a more modern digital timer. Technology is very important in James Bond especially in later films. Goldenye is based on advanced technology such as the helicopter and satellite. As the technology has improved in the film it has also improved out of the film. More advance graphics means that the action and stunts can be even wilder. Blue screening makes the film and action better as they can add scenes where they have never been. This was done in Star Wars to add different scenes and other worlds. If the two films were made at the same time, the plot would be different but the technology similar. Both Goldfinger and Goldeneye were able to satisfy society in their time. However as technology and stunts improve people want to see more action and excitement. Both the films have action in the pre-title sequences although the action is much better in the more recent Goldeneye than Goldfinger.

Policies on Sexual Aggression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policies on Sexual Aggression - Essay Example Federal and state law prohibits sexual harassment, therefore, the company where he is employed is committed to maintaining a work environment that is free of all forms of intimidation or sexual harassment as legally mandated. Every employee at the company, both male and female, is covered by the sexual harassment policy. The company identifies a common form of sexual harassment, quid pro quo harassment, in the following manner: "If submission to or rejection of the conduct is used and as a basis for an employment decision affecting the person rejecting or submitting to the conduct" (Anonymous Company Sexual Harassment Policy (ACSHP), 2007). The company does not give specific examples, however, I believe the policy sufficiently explains the concept. The company also lays out its policy against a hostile work environment, as it is identified and addressed with: "If the conduct has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an affected person's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment" (ACSHP, 2007). Again, no specific examples are given, which in this case may be useful as many individuals may find the language of the policy ambiguous.

Drones for Domestic video surveillance Research Paper

Drones for Domestic video surveillance - Research Paper Example The demand for unarmed drones in the United States has increased over the years. Many people are enthusiastic about the operations of drones and their ability to collect data in a discreet manner. The demand for drone has led to the emergence of many drone-manufacturing industries. In America, drones are popular, and any persons can own one due to their cheap price. In fact, an average drone costs very much less than manned aircraft (Bennet 2). The government, through the FAA, has stepped in to regulate drone usage in the country. In this regard, drone usage is safe and should be embraced by Americans. There are mixed reactions regarding the use of drones America. People supporting drone usage argue that unarmed drones are harmless and do not threaten the security of the country. One of the benefits of drones on the homeland is that they are instrumental in crime investigation (Slag 12). Often, police face complex situations that may require a birds-eye view. The drones are discreet in their operations and hence can be useful for security apparatus. For example, the police can use drones in assessing the situation in a protest and identify the criminal activities and the perpetrators. In this regard, drones are essential in maintenance of law and order. A typical surveillance role of drones that assist in enforcement of law and order is the monitoring of movements across the border. Drones are useful in search and rescue operations in disaster hit areas. The country has experienced dire situations in the form of hurricanes, typhoons, and wildfires. Drone technology is useful in surveillance of areas that are beyond the reach of humans. The drones take pictures and videos and relays them to the relevant authorities. As such, the authorities can take action to rescue people under duress in case of disasters and also assess the level of damage. Opponents of drone usage in

Speech motivating people Essay Example for Free

Speech motivating people Essay You never know what you have until its gone.In this modern contemporary society, we are flooded with images of success, money and power, but have you actually delved deeper into societys faà §ade and what it means to be alive? As a psychologist, I have encountered numerous individuals with diverse dilemmas, each one unique in their own way, but many have one thing in common, they take life for granted. Human beings have a curious capacity to take things for granted. The most exquisite diamond loses its lustre with familiarity. The most compatible intimate becomes boring. Miracles like the daily sunrise fail to astonish because theyre commonplace! Repetition and time dull our sense of wonder. We endow novelty with powers and attributes that it does not really possess. When a thing becomes familiar to us, the mystery we have projected onto it is lost. We see it without the overlay of our imaginings. The irony in this idiosyncrasy of human character is that we are disappointed by the very things that used to excite us. The most profound patient that has ever crossed my path was a young girl suffering from spinocerebellar degeneration, a terrible disease where the cerebellum of the brain gradually deteriorates to the point where the victim cannot walk, speak, write, or eat. This girl was around 17 and was smoothly voyaging through year 11 when she was diagnosed with the disease. Enrolled in a top selective high school with a bright prospect ahead, the heart wrenching news brought tears to her eyes for the many sessions we had together, it pained my heart to see her journey suddenly cut short. The question she asked me why me, why do I have to die early? left me at a crossroad, paths lay before me as I tried to pick which response was the most paramount to cheer her up. Looking deeply at her beautiful face streamed with tears, my heart shattered, I asked her Why do we have life? Why do we get to have this experience at all? We werent promised any deal. We arent owed this opportunity to create experiences. No one was under any obligation to deliver us any particular deal in this realm. And yet we are here. A wide open opportunity to wake up and do something completely different every day. Every day, every moment  even, an opportunity to create something in our life. This is the same question I pose to you today. She faced a greater obstacle than us, but she stood firm and persevered, writing in her diary to remember her experiences until she could no longer hold a pen. She managed to face her cruel fate with a positive outlook, and tried her best to do whatever she could by herself. A while back, my father passed away from cancer, it wasnt like we werent expecting it, its one of those things you know is inevitable, but you dont really believe it will ever happen. Parents are a constant part of our life, a part so constant and so close that we often take them for granted. The reality is that they can disappear so incredibly fast. People we love can be here one day and gone forever the next. Our days on this earth are numbered, and its something we often forget. If there are things in your life that you want to change, or things that you want to do, dont wait. Are you living the way you want to be remembered? I had put off simply picking up the phone and calling my dad to tell him how much I loved him, and now Ill never have a chance to again. If I could travel back in time, I would in a heartbeat to bridge the gap between our relationships. People desire so many things and waste their days in vain. Some yearn for gold, others for power, yet others for glory and a higher position. But when deaths moment nears and they look back at their lives theyve lived, they realise theyve been happy only during those moments when theyve loved. Our lives are but a fleeting moment in time. They come and go so quickly. Live each day of your life to the fullest, as it its all going to end tomorrow. You have to live for what you have, live for now, grasp every second that you can. Appreciate and love everything there is. Cherish every breath you take, every smile you share, and every tear that falls. These are the moments that pass without a single thought. My journey has been full of poignant experiences, but it isnt through the destination that we discover the important lessons in life, but through the  highway that we travel on, the obstacles we encounter that forces us to come face to face with reality. Thats when we learn that our most imperative messages. You never know what you have until its gone. I never fully realized just how deep the meaning of that sentence really was, until I have experienced it, and it was too late. A final quote which I would like to impart to you was by Abraham Lincoln, In the end, its not the years in your life that count. But its the life in your years.Bibliography:Jone Johnson Lewis 1995, site I used to find the quotes. Ichi Rittoru no Namida (one litre of tears), video recording sparked the idea of the speech and used the basic plot. Robert McChesney 2004, The Problem of the Media, Monthly Review Press gave me some ideas of what the media projects onto contemporary society.

Joseph :: essays research papers

Joseph Joseph was born in the royal line of King David, but in his time the descendents of David no longer held power or wealth. He left his ancestral home of Bethlehem in Judea to become a builder and carpenter in the town of Nazareth in Galilee. There he met Mary and became engaged to her. When she became pregnant before their marriage, he was uncertain as to what he should do. He finally decided to break off the engagement in accordance to the Law; but do to so quietly, so that she would not be subjected to charges of adultery and quite possibly a death sentence. However, an angel appeared to him in a dream and explained to him that God Himself was the father of Mary's child, and that Joseph should not be afraid to marry her. Joseph accepted the angel's message and the will of God and married Mary. After Mary's son was born, Joseph named him Jesus, as he and Mary had been told by the angel. He raised Jesus as his own son, and likely trained him in carpentry. The Gospels make no mention of Joseph during Jesus' adulthood, and so it is likely that he died before Jesus' ministry began. By marrying Mary, despite her pregnancy, and by accepting and naming Jesus, Joseph became Jesus' father in the eyes of the Law; and by raising Jesus and caring for Him, he became his father in all ways but one. Therefore, while God is truly the Father of Jesus, Joseph can also be called His father. The Gospels call Joseph a "just" and "righteous" man, and his righteousness can be shown in his acceptance of God's will, despite inconvenience and public scandal; the care he showed to his wife and Son; and his

Death of a Hero, Written by R.Aldington

The text under analysis is taken from the novel â€Å"Death of a hero†, written by Richard Aldington. The first extract under analysis is very emotional by itself. In connection with the main theme of the novel the main idea of the first extract is the representation of the beauty of things menaced by war. The first is a beautiful canvas of spring as seen by two young and sensitive people in love. And the second one is regretful author's interposition about British nature and vulnerability of people of art during the war. From the very beginning of the text we see this beauty, and when George and Elizabeth just entered the Bushey Park .They were literally shocked by the beauty of the English garden and nature. This unexpectedness is conveyed to the reader through the metaphor â€Å"sudden ecstasy of delight†. We realize how sensitive and poetic they are, and how subtly they feel this delight. And the whole text, with its highly-emotional vocabulary, rhythm and colorful descriptions sounds more like a poem. And we can find the prove in the next couple of sentences. The description of the garden is very imaginary, as if we can see it through our own eyes. This effect is created with a help of certain syntactical structure.Many sentences beginning with adverbials of place: â€Å"Between the wall†¦ and another long high wall†¦ â€Å", â€Å"Underfoot†¦ â€Å", â€Å"There†¦ â€Å", â€Å"Among them†¦ â€Å", directing our gaze and inviting the reader to enjoy all the loveliness of the sight. The choice of words is also very rich and poetic in this part of the extract. Such as â€Å"†grandiose scale†, â€Å"innumerable bulbs†, â€Å"great secular trees†, â€Å"vast fans† help to show the splendor of the nature, to emphasize the color the author uses mostly coupled epithets such as â€Å"glittering green-and-gold foliage†, â€Å"the stouter green of wild plants†, â€Å"ten der blue sky†, â€Å"white and blue blossoms† and many others.All these create a visible scenery of the garden. For the greater part the epithets or attributes denoting color, are combined with metaphors describing the shapes of the flowers: â€Å"pale hearts† of the lilacs, â€Å"foam of white and blue blossoms†. A whole cluster of metaphors is devoted to the wild daffodil: â€Å"the soft, slim yellow trumpet†, â€Å"a pointed ruff of white petals†, â€Å"gold head†. Also, to create even more visional scenery the author uses simile very often in this part of the extract.And he compares the grass to an evening sky and the flowers to stars, the red tulips to bubbles of dark wine, and the large parti-coloured gold and red tulips are said to be â€Å"noble and sombre like the royal banner of Spain† . The colors are very warm and soft, ad its completely different from the colors that would be used in the next part. The choice of wor ds is remarkable for their sonorous quality (foliage, unfold, verdure, alert, sombre, banner etc. ). The passage is particularly rich in adjectives with alliterating (slender, stiff stem; glittering green-and-gold foliage; lost in the lush herbs).The alliterations are mainly based on the l- and r-sounds. These features make the passage particularly musical. To create the same musical effect the author uses the inversion. These stylistic devices create the atmosphere of harmony, beauty and splendor. With the words â€Å"English spring flowers† the second part of the text starts. And we can hear admiration and regret in this words. The change from the mood of tender delight to that of sadness and tension is immediate. Emotional words pervading the paragraph change their key; they are woe, bitterness, despair, bleak, mournful, appalling, foul, regretful.The author just opposed the the peaceful beauty of nature and the bitterness and despair in the world of men. This sharp contra st creates the atmosphere of despair and in this sentence â€Å"What an answer to our ridiculous â€Å"cosmic woe†, how salutary, what a soft reproach to bitterness and avarice and despair, what balm to hurt minds! † we realize it even more clear how unnecessary it is to have war. And the allusion from Virgil's  Aeneide shows to us that people should stop or they would have the same destiny as Troyans.Another contrast, brought about, is between the â€Å"bleak sky† and the â€Å"bleak race† of England and her beautiful flowers and poets. The final pathetic rhetorical question is whether the prospective conqueror would â€Å"think regretfully and tenderly of the flowers and the poets†. Also, the presentiment of England's final ruin is worded as one more classical quotation. The phrase: â€Å"fuit Ilium† is from Virgil's  Aeneidethe whole line being: â€Å"Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium† which is the Latin for â€Å"We were Troyans: Troy was†, implying that it is now no more.The sharp contrasts, as well as the emphasis laid on the effect the transitory moment produces upon the heroes' senses, the refined metaphorical imagery comparing things in nature to man-made objects of luxury, — all these combine to bring Aldington's word-painting close to the Impressionist school. The lyrical intensity of Aldington's descriptions largely depends on the combination of the direct imagistic method, i. e. presenting things in a series of images almost physically palpable and real – with the author's own comments, bitter or sad.

Catcher in the Rye Psychological Profile - 3109 Words

Psychological Profile: Holden Caulfield Part One: The patient is Holden Caulfield, a sixteen-year-old teenage boy. Caulfields appearance is tall for his age and surprisingly has quite a few gray hairs at the age of sixteen. Holden comes from an upper-middle class family. His family has enough money to support Holden with many luxuries including skates and expensive suitcases. It appears that Mr. and Mrs. Caulfield arent there to talk, care, and be there for Holden, which seems to drive Holden away from his family. However, he has an intimate bond with his younger siblings, who embody innocence and youth. The death of his brother Allie has left a large scar on Holden. He has a cherished and intimate relationship with his young†¦show more content†¦I knew it wasnt too important, but it made me sad anyway (Salinger 114). Holden constantly looks at world around him and becomes depressed by any hint of the real world and him stepping into it. Part Three: The general public and people that dont know Holden Caulfield perceive him to be a youth at heart, but also a consistent and chronic liar. Holden appears to be youthful and childish to people that are meeting Holden for the first time. However with his youthful appearance, he makes a habit of being a chronic liar. One example of his chronic lying is his encounter with the prostitute, Sunny. When he meets her, he immediately lies to her by telling her that he is Jim Steele and is twenty-two years old: Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Jim Steele, I said. Â… How old are you, anyways? Me? Twenty-two. It was a funny thing to say. It sounded like a real kid (Salinger 94). This incident shows both his immaturity and his habit of lying. First, his immaturity is shown when he seems like a child by saying he is actually twenty-two. Secondly, his habit of lying is seen explicitly when he immediately begins lying to the prostitute by stating his name as JimSho w MoreRelatedRape Essays778 Words   |  4 Pagesmen. This led to unfair laws that did little discourage men from raping women. Being raped is a traumatic experience for the victim. Psychological damage on the victim varies depending on the age, sex, religion, and culture of the victim. The only guarantee is that the effects of rape on a victim are never positive. Rape is known to lead to psychological and emotional problems that often keep the victim living in fear and unable to maintain trustful relationships with others. Victims oftenRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye: Holden Caulfields Mental Breakdown1384 Words   |  6 PagesJ.D. Salinger s The Catcher in the Rye portrays a troubled teen in New York City. Over the few days the novel depicts, the boy displays his critical and unhealthy mindset. Eventually he has a mental breakdown. Through psychoanalysis of Holden Caulfield, one may suggest that Allie s death, social development, and an identity crisis are large contributing factors in Holden s mental breakdown. Allie Caulfield is an important person to Holden and his death affects him greatly. In response to hisRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye Final Assessment2098 Words   |  8 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye Final Assessment: Psychological Profile Name: Holden Caulfield Date of Birth: 01-03-1947 Age: 17 years old Testing Dates: 2-18-1960, 2-25-1960, 3-1-1960, 3-9-1960, 3-16-00, 3-22-1960 Reason for Referral: Holden Caulfield has recently been showing various signs of depression. A girl named Phoebe Caulfield, Holden’s sister, showed concern about her brother. One night she said to him, â€Å"You don’t like anything that’s happening† (Salinger, 169), and when he responded, â€Å"YesRead MoreEssay on Psychological Profile of Holden Caulfield 3044 Words   |  13 PagesPsychological Profile of Holden Caulfield Part One: The patient is Holden Caulfield, a sixteen-year-old teenage boy. Caulfields appearance is tall for his age and surprisingly has quite a few gray hairs at the age of sixteen. Holden comes from an upper-middle class family. His family has enough money to support Holden with many luxuries including skates and expensive suitcases. It appears that Mr. and Mrs. Caulfield aren?t there to talk, care, and be there for Holden, which seems to drive

Although first case of Down syndrome was reported in early...

Although first case of Down syndrome was reported in early 1866 by John Langdon Down but by looking at the paintings dated () and skeleton study, it won’t be incorrect to say that down syndrome might be there for as long as chromosome 21 exists. In earlier times people with down syndrome were referred to as mongoloids because they shared facial similarities with Blumenbach’s Mongolian race. The term mongoloid was used until early 1970s. It is now considered unacceptable and is no longer in use. Down syndrome also known as trisomy 21 is the most common form of chromosomal abnormality and is a major cause of mental retardation afflicting 1 in 700 liveborn infants. Besides mental retardation, it is also responsible for major congenital†¦show more content†¦Errors occur more frequently during meiosis 1 (75%) than during meiosis 11 (25%). Research has shown effect of maternal age on bearing a child with down syndrome. Risk of down syndrome can be evaluated by screening for presence of serum alpha – feto protein (AFP) during second trimester of pregnancy. Decreased levels of AFP indicates the presence of Down syndrome. Alpha feto-protein (AFP) is a major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during the fetal period. Research was done where level of AFP was estimated in fetuses with and without down syndrome. Two different sources were used to obtain fetal blood samples. First, was through Cordoscentesis where blood samples were obtained through umbilical cord from 18-28 weeks. In the other postmortem samples were obtained after termination of Pregnancy or spontaneous abortion. Fetuses were divided into three groups normal, chromosomally normal but developmentally abnormal and one with down syndrome. Before 20 weeks, the serum AFP level of fetuses with and without down syndrome was same. However, after 20 weeks fetuses with down syndrome showed marked decrease in serum AFP level. Interestingly another research was done which reported a male fetus with undetectable level of serum-AFP level during second trimester but had normal growth and development with no symptom of down syndrome.Show MoreRelatedDown Syndrome3938 Words   |  16 Pages Having a Down syndrome is such a difficult situation for an individual to have. They have slow physical and mental capabilities that lead them to discrimination. Physical features of having a Down syndrome. Including flattening of the head; slanting of the eyelids; a gap between the first and the second toes; a depressed nasal bridge; relatively small ears, mouth, hands and feet; short stature; decreased muscle tone and loose ligaments among others. Not every child with Down syndrome has all of

Plum Bun A Novel With A Moral - 1448 Words

Jessie Redmon Fausets novel, Plum Bun, is a story of African American self-hatred told through the life of the protagonist, Angela Murray and her family, who are divided by color. Plum Bun was set in the 1920s, which was a time of tremendous change in America in many areas including technology, economics, and civil rights. During that decade, people were moving from farms and rural areas into cities where they began to focus on education in the school systems and civil rights. Cities like New York became filled with men and women seeking to educate themselves, thus developing into one of the most important civil rights movements - the Harlem Renaissance, or the New Negro Movement. In this movement African Americans, for the first time,†¦show more content†¦Society in America during the era forced people to act out these beliefs which had been fostered by white society to institutionalize and insure its superiority over the African American community. As viewed by white society, from slave-era and beyond, African Americans were often considered to be savage and unscrupulous. When Fauset describes Angelas mother, Mattie, she writes about Matties previou s employer, a disreputable actress, which only hired colored servants for hers was a carelessly conducted household, and she felt dimly that all coloured people are thickly streaked with immorality (Fauset 29). Jesse Redmon Fauset herself fought against this notion of black stereotyping during a time when many African American writers were succumbing to white publisher demands that the white perceived primitive black society be represented in literature. Despite rejections and difficulties, Fauset refused to satisfy the demands of the publishing establishment. Though she knew that the power to pass judgment on her work rested with the white male literary establishment, she refused to compromise her own artistic vision (McDowell xxvii). Even within the African American community there became a hierarchy regarding degrees of blackness. Zora Neale Hurston writes, circa 1930s, an informal Glossary of Harlem Slang which portrays the black color scale as: high yaller, yaller, highShow Mor eRelatedIssues of Racial Identity during the Harlem Renaissance Essay2014 Words   |  9 Pagesthat her novel Quicksand, was based on her life. Larsen was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1891. According to Wikipedia, she lived in Denmark for a few years and attended Fisk University before settling in Harlem, where she worked as a nurse and later becoming a librarian. She published her highly successful novel Quicksand in 1928. Another popular writer of the Harlem Renaissance was Jessie Redmond Fauset. Fauset was the author of the widely popular novel Plum Bun: A Novel Without Moral, which sheRead MoreA Dark Skinned, African America Woman As Well1982 Words   |  8 Pagesrace, she would have not have experiences depression and lost her self-worth. Susan Tomlinson, a professor and director of Clinical Study at Arcadia University called â€Å"The New Nego Woman as Cultural Worker in Jessie Redmond Fauset’s Plum Bun wrote an article in 2002 talks about the juncture between gender and race during the Harlem Renaissance era. She says it’s the time from of the upcoming New Negro and the New woman, Fauset symbolizes not just one but many subliminal issues on theRead MorePassing As An Integral Part Of African American Literature2601 Words   |  11 Pages387). This Quote is from Pamela Caughie‟s article â€Å"Passing as Modernism† which defines the reason behind passing, According to Caughie passing isn t simply pretending to be white, but is way for an individual to shift the confines of identity. Novels of passing have become an integral part of African American literature, main characters of such novel’s attempt to pass as white in order to circumvent the trials and tribulations black people go through while living in a white dominated society.Read More The Harlem Renaissance: Writers Reacting To Their Political Environment3405 Words   |  14 Pages He felt that the race could benefit more by focusing on the achievements of the black middle class than on the more unseemly side of the black experience. This led to his praise of the novels of female black writer Jessie Fauset, which told of the more educated class of blacks, and his sharp criticism of novels such as Nigger Heaven and their exploration of Harlemâ⠂¬â„¢s seamy underbelly. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Even if the concept of protest poetry was not a dominant literary form during the Harlem

Condition of JTB Theory Knowledge - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Condition of JTB Theory Knowledge. Answer: Introduction This is philosophical essay concerning the Gettier and justified truth. This essay will be dived into two main parts, that is the first part of a full description of the idea of what in the past many philosopher and authors termed knowledge to be. In this case, they termed knowledge to be justified truth. The second part is a result of the getters rejection on this definition of the knowledge by traditional JBT. The second part of this essay is a discussion on the attempts by Gettier to justify his objection to justified true knowledge as the definition of knowledge. The justified true knowledge is a theory that attempts to explain the situation and condition under which someone can or could be termed to have some knowledge of something. According to this theory, someone is termed to be knowing something if they have several conditions. They include a belief, if in fact, the person is true and if that person has been justified in that belief. A good example of the situation in this theory would be, I do believe I have two eyes, and indeed I have two eyes and for sure I have a justification of having these two eyes since I am using them to read this assignment. Therefore considering and according to justified true belief, I know I have two eyes. The developers of this theory have some explanation on the three compositions of what is termed to be knowledge. According to the truth condition, they state that what is generally false cannot be known. They use this phrase as a way of justifying the truth condition. They state that one can only know thin gs that are true only. Moreover, according to the developers of the JTB, we use the term knows when describing someone or people who are very confident on issues that turn out to be wrong at long last. In addition to the justification of the truth condition, they state that its not important for anyone to justify or have to prove something that is true.(Gettier, 2000) Considering the belief condition of the JTB theory of knowledge, the developers of this theory strongly feel that one cannot believe what he or she does not know. A person only believes in anything that they have a good knowledge on. If one fails to set their belief on something, it means that there is something they are not aware of. In other words, one may believe something on the condition or by virtue that they are pretty sure that its probably true. The developers think that knowledge without belief is impossible in many cases.(Ichikawa, 2001) On the other hand, the theory also has the justification condition. According to this theory, we can say knowledge is true belief but this will not be the true meaning of knowledge. They state that a belief can also be true even when formed improperly. This, therefore, calls for justification of ant true belief. For instance, an example to explain this situation would be; suppose that William flips a coin, and confidently believeson no particular basisthat it will land tails. If by chance the coin does land tails, then Williams belief was true; but a lucky guess such as this one is no knowledge. For William to know, his belief must in some epistemic sense be proper or appropriate: it must bejustified.(Nozick, 2002) Gettier's opposition to the JTB theory Gettier is a philosopher who appears to be opposing the JTB theory on what is termed to be knowledge. To some extent, just like other contemporary epistemologists, he accepts the depth and the adequacy of the JTB analysis and agrees with the fact that the JTB elements are important for the knowledge and its definition; however, he claims they are not sufficient to justify knowledge. He opposes this theory by stating that there are cases of already justified truth that cannot be termed as knowledge. Gettier gives an example of a man he calls Smith. In this example, he claims Smith is competing with Jones for a certain job and he has been told by the companys manager that the job is going to be awarded to Jones. He happens to know that Jones has some ten coins in his pocket, and this makes him think that any person who has some ten coins in his pocket will be awarded the job. According to Gettier, this can be termed a perfectly justified conclusion. Later on the case of Smith and Jones , the manager later awards the job to Smith and this makes him then justify his belief that anyone who has ten coins will be awarded the job since he has been awarded. Therefore his belief is true. Therefore, Gettier uses this example to oppose JTB theory in that, Smith knew that anyone who had coins with them could get the job. However, according to Gettier, it does not seem true that its an actual case of knowledge as we would have termed it. We cannot say Smith was correct just because of he but because in this situation he was lucky. This philosopher was trying to mean that sometimes, results of some actions is not because of the knowledge we have on that event or that activity but incidences of luck that may befall us giving a result that we expect. He states that JTB section of justification can be used to rule out the issue of luck when it comes to defining knowledge from the scene of events or activities. A lesson of the Gettier problem is that it appears that even true beli efs that are justified can nevertheless be epistemically lucky in a way inconsistent with knowledge. Gettier claims that it is possible for anything to be justified in believing a proposition even when that proposition is a fact false(Gettier E. L., 2003) Conclusion Sometimes we can excellent evidence for some proposition (we might even think that the evidence makes the truth of the proposition obvious), and then come to find that, all of the excellent evidence notwithstanding, the proposition is not true. Secondly, he draws our attention to the fact that the propositions we are justified in believing will often logically entail other propositions. If I recognize that entailment relation, then it follows that I will also be justified in believing the proposition or proposition that is entailed.(Gettier, 2014) Works Cited Gettier. (2000, Jan). IS justified true belief knowledge. Retrieved 11 30, 2017, from https://www.ditext.com/gettier/gettier.html Gettier, E. (2014, nov 9). Retrieved 11 30, 2017, from philosophy: https://www.cengage.com/philosophy/book_content/1439046948_feinberg/introductions/part_2/ch05/True_Belief_Gettier.html Gettier, E. L. (2003). Is justified true belief knowledge? Ichikawa, J. (2001). The analysis of knowledge. Retrieved 11 30, 2017, from Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/ Nozick, R. (2002). Excerpt from philosophical explanations.

Tennyson, Carlyle And The Tragic Hero Essay Example For Students

Tennyson, Carlyle And The Tragic Hero Essay The Tragic Hero: Tennysons Reinvention of the Hero as PoetI AM! yet what I am none cares or knows, My friends forsake me like a memory lost; I am the self-consumer of my woes, They rise and vanish, an oblivious host, Like shades in love and deaths oblivion lost; And yet I am! and live with shadows tost Into the nothingness of scorn and noise, Into the living sea of waking dreams, Where there is neither sense of life nor joys, But the vast shipwreck of my lifes esteems; And een the dearestthat I loved the best Are strangenay, rather stranger than the rest. We will write a custom essay on Tennyson, Carlyle And The Tragic Hero specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now John Clare1There is no more enduring theme in the truly Western body of literature, religion, and philosophy than that of the hero. Western thought apotheosizes the hero and the act of heroism. This practice is rooted in the heroic ages, where, as in the Iliad, the heroes of both sides have unique access to the gods and goddesses. The hero is the man who transcends with dirt under his fingernails and the dust of battle in his throat. He transcends through the savage wilds of Nature. In the West, too, the hero is known not only for physical skill or bravery, but also for inculcation of mental qualities, for cultivation of a superior sense of insight, a Higher vision and comprehension. Thomas Carlyle revives and revisits the ancient concepts of the hero and the heroic. Heroes have evolved into two hypothetically universal forms: the Hero as Man of Letters2, and the Hero as Poet 3. The Man of Letters and the Poet are closely linked in form, but exist as separate heroes. The Man of Lett ers transcends his socially imposed and self-imposed limitations, and the binding force of personal needs and wants. This hero is simply the best of Nature and is not thought to transcend it. The Man of Letters is genuine, and will be found discharging a function for us which is ever honourable, ever the highest;4 . The Man of Letterss purpose is to know and to teach a Divine Idea of the World5 . The Hero as Man of Letters brings its era what it requires: non religious guidance to a public whose social facets wane in spirituality. Carlyles hero is that of National Socialism, a person of ideals who lives in transcendence, who seeks to learn, to teach, to change, not simply to exist and know. It far from being the province only of someone in the profession of war. Alternately, The Hero as Poet is recognized as divine or as having a connection with the divine, not entirely unlike the Hero as Man of Letters, who is shaped by Nature and is innately and unconsciously sincere, incapable of being anything but unaffected. The Hero as Poet exists on a higher plane of existence, a person who belongs to all ages6 , capable of discerning the truth of existence, a truth that exists in all ages, rather than transcends with the era. Here we see a distinct split in Carlyles Hero as Man of Letters and Hero as Poet. The Hero as Poet is demi-divine, fundamentally linked with Natures secrets, to the gods, to the spiritual and that truth which eternally exists. He is divinely inspired. The Hero as Man of Letters, the layman, explores new truths and changes with time, bringing new ideas to society, changing it, moving it forward. The Hero as Poet exists for all time, whereas there is a Man of Letters for each time. Carlye seeks to invent heroes relevant to his era, for Victorian society. The Victorian Era wanes in ecclesiastical belief and experiences a desire to move forward rather than reflect on the past. This society suffers the death of antiquated heroes and a connection with the spiritual/supernatural. Victorians were concerned with material progress, not spiritual. Carlyle cannot overstate his certainty that each age needs a hero, someone to inspire, to lead a society to change and growth. Heroes emerge in a time of crisis, when they are needed most, and according to Carlyle, the Hero as Poet is the best suited for this age. The Victorians are separating the secular from the spiritual, which plunges them into a state of crisis. Poetry, then, is the new church of the Victorian Age and its hero the poet. Yet does this new hero have an audience, a following? Alfred Lord Tennyson, poet of the 19th Century, suggests that Carlyles Hero as Poet does not have an audience and the Victorian people fail to recognize any manner of hero. The Hero as Poet exists yet his efforts are unnoticed and unappreciated. Tennysons exploration of Carlyles Hero as Poet and its relevance in Victorian society is best typified in his poems Ulysses and The Lady of Shalott. In these works, the poet is seen as no less heroic than in Carlyles illustration, nor the need for them in Victorian society undermined. Instead, they are reclassified as a tragic hero, as the integration of the Hero as Poet into society, or their attempts for recognition, go tragically unnoticed. .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .postImageUrl , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:hover , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:visited , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:active { border:0!important; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:active , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: passage to india Persuasive EssayIt is interesting to see Tennysons reinvention of the quintessential classic Greco-Roman hero, Ulysses. The poem itself is a metaphor for the crisis taking place in Victorian society. The island of Ithaca can be meant for England. Ulysses, an archetypal hero of yore, whose reputation grew from adventures and conquests and deeds done in battle returns to Ithaca unrecognized as a hero to his people, who forget him, as can be seen in these first lines;It little profits that an idle king,By this still hearth, among these barren crags,Matchd with an aged wife, I mete and doleUnequal laws unto a savage race,That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and kn ow not me. (Ulysses, 1-5)If the people of Ithaca represent Victorian society, the references to hoarding are parallels to the Victorian obsession with the material, to sleep, their spiritual dormancy, and to feed, their hunger for knowledge. They do not recognize the hero. We begin to see the development of Ulysses as a Hero as a Man of Letters. He equates himself with regular men, or at least his fellow Mariners, when he says,All times I have enjoydGreatly, have sufferd greatly, both with thoseThat loved me, and alone; on shore, and whenThro scudding drifts the rainy HyadesVext the dim sea. (Ulysses, 7-11)Ulysses expresses a desire to move forward, not to stagnate, How dull it is to pause, to make an end (Ulysses, 22). This forward looking attitude is typically Victorian. Ulysses desires to follow knowledge like a sinking star (Ulysses, 31) Here, Ulysses echoes of martyrdom and the pursuit of something tragically noble. He recognizes his inability to be a hero to his people, and hi s inability to lead them into change when he speaks of his son;This is my son, mine own Telemachus,To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle discerning to fulfilThis labour, by slow prudence to make mildA rugged people Most blameless is he, centered in the sphereOf common duties (Ulysses, 33-40)Ulysses cannot be a hero to the Ithacans (and he insinuates that it is a lowly sort of hero to tame the rugged people), yet he is still determined to be heroic;Death closes all but something ere the end,Some work of noble note, may yet be done,Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods. (Ulysses, 50-52)Ulysses paints the pictures of the tragic hero sailing off into the sunset, in search of knowledge purely for the sake of knowledge, experience for experiences sake;Tis not too late to seek a newer world. Push off, and sitting well in order smiteThe sounding furrows; for my purpose holdsTo sail beyond the sunset (Ulysses, 57-60)Here, Ulysses attempts to be convincing an audience of his quest. He desires a following, an audience, and as Carlyle states, a hero needs the recognition of an audience and a following to be a successful (active) hero. Yet two linked questions arise from this predicament: Who is Ulysses audience, and if there is one, is he successful in gaining this following? The audience is never determined in Tennysons poem, save for the obvious audience, the reader. Additionally, it is never determined if Ulysses is successful in creating a following. The obscurity and question of the audience, or lack thereof, is the basis for Tennnysons questioning the legitimacy or resonance of the Hero as Poet in Victorian society. The question itself suggests there isnt an audience, and that all Ulysses noble words fall on deaf ears. The suggestion that the Ithacan people and the Vict orian people are both in crisis and need a hero, but are denying themselves of salvation, of leadership in their time of crisis. There is no place for the Hero as Poet in Ithacan or Victorian society, which makes him a tragic hero. .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .postImageUrl , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:hover , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:visited , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:active { border:0!important; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:active , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maturity Levels in Characters EssayThis attitude is tightly woven into Tennysons The Lady of Shalott, and the tragic nature of the Hero as Poet is embodied in the Lady herself in her attempts for recognition in a world that cannot comprehend what she is. The Lady of Shalott is an isolated hero, alone in Four gray walls, and four gray towers And the silent isle embowersThe Lady of Shalott. (L.S., 15-18)She is unseen by the rest of the world, as a Hero as Poet would be in Victorian society. Only farmers hear her song echoing in the forest, yet they do not understand what they are hearing. They speculate that it is the fairy Lady of Shalott (L.S., 35-36). It is learned the Lady is an artist, a hero with a unique and divinely connected perspective on the world. She weaves by night and day a magic web (L.S., 37-38) and she sees thro a mirror clearThat hangs before her all the year,Shadows of the world appear. (L.S., 46-48)This is blatantly a portrayal of Carlyles Hero as Poet. The Lady has a magic (divine) way of seeing the world, and in her towers she looks down on the world, therefore having a loftier perspective and a more exalted position than the rest of society physically being higher. Tennyson hints of traditional lofty Greek tragic heroes when the Lady of Shalott is warned of a curse, as Oedipus Rex (among other trag ic heroes) are given hints or warnings as to their fates;She has heard a whisper say,A curse is on her if she stayTo look down to Camelot. She knows not what the curse may be (L.S., 39-42)At one point, the Lady is likened to Tierseias, a famously mythological Greek prophet, or an oracle, when Tennyson says Like some bold se?r in a trance,Seeing all his own mischanceWith a glassy countenance (L.S., 128-130)In these lines, the Lady of Shalott is compared to the mirror in which she sees the world, again affirming Carlyes image of Hero as Poet. Yet like all tragic heroes, the Lady of Shalott disregards the warning, cannot escape her fate, looks down upon Camelot and leaves her castle to join society and be recognized for who she is. Yet, she is sadly unrecognized. As the Lady of Shalott winds her way closer to society, as the boat-head wound along/The willowy hills and fields (L.S., 141-142) she begins to die. She sings, hoping to be recognized, but only a carol, mournful, holy,/Chanted loudly, chanted lowly (L.S., 145-146) was heard Till her blood was frozen slowly,And her eyes were darkend wholly,Turned to towerd Camelot. For ere she reachd upon the tide The first house by the water-side,Singing in her song she died,The Lady of Shalott. (L.S., 147-153)Tennyson in these lines reaffirms his belief that the Hero as Poet has no place in Victorian society and cannot exist. As the Lady of Shalott edges closer and closer to society, she too ceases to exist. Like Ulysses, the Lady of Shalott is recognized only as a name, And round the prow they read her name (L.S., 161) and she came silent into Camelot (L.S., 158) which means that society cannot recognize the Lady of Shalott as the singer, as the voice in the forest, because she is no longer singing. Lancelot, the alternate portrayal of a hero Tennyson introduces in The Lady of Shalott, also fails to recognize the Lady for who she is. He only comments that she has a lovely face (L.S., 169) and thinks to offer her a prayer, as he might for anyone. Tennyson shows the distance between the hero and Victorian society in his poetry by commenting on this situation w ith mythological or legendary figures. He writes of people in a fantastic past that were once revered but are antiquated in Victorian society. Though he seems to be in concurrence with Carlyle in his expression that the hero is necessity, he is not wrong when he says that the Hero as Poet is unsuccessful in Victorian society. This is shown in the want of an audience or following for this timeless hero, and also in the distancing Tennyson creates with fictitious heroes in his poetry, such as King Arthur, Ulysses, the Lady of Shalott, Tithonus and Sir Galahad. This demonstrates the Victorian disconnection with the heroic, their uncoupling with the spiritual with the secular, and emphasizes the tragic nature of Carlyles hero in Victorian societys period of crisis. Poetry Essays