Although first case of Down syndrome was reported in early...

Although first case of Down syndrome was reported in early 1866 by John Langdon Down but by looking at the paintings dated () and skeleton study, it won’t be incorrect to say that down syndrome might be there for as long as chromosome 21 exists. In earlier times people with down syndrome were referred to as mongoloids because they shared facial similarities with Blumenbach’s Mongolian race. The term mongoloid was used until early 1970s. It is now considered unacceptable and is no longer in use. Down syndrome also known as trisomy 21 is the most common form of chromosomal abnormality and is a major cause of mental retardation afflicting 1 in 700 liveborn infants. Besides mental retardation, it is also responsible for major congenital†¦show more content†¦Errors occur more frequently during meiosis 1 (75%) than during meiosis 11 (25%). Research has shown effect of maternal age on bearing a child with down syndrome. Risk of down syndrome can be evaluated by screening for presence of serum alpha – feto protein (AFP) during second trimester of pregnancy. Decreased levels of AFP indicates the presence of Down syndrome. Alpha feto-protein (AFP) is a major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during the fetal period. Research was done where level of AFP was estimated in fetuses with and without down syndrome. Two different sources were used to obtain fetal blood samples. First, was through Cordoscentesis where blood samples were obtained through umbilical cord from 18-28 weeks. In the other postmortem samples were obtained after termination of Pregnancy or spontaneous abortion. Fetuses were divided into three groups normal, chromosomally normal but developmentally abnormal and one with down syndrome. Before 20 weeks, the serum AFP level of fetuses with and without down syndrome was same. However, after 20 weeks fetuses with down syndrome showed marked decrease in serum AFP level. Interestingly another research was done which reported a male fetus with undetectable level of serum-AFP level during second trimester but had normal growth and development with no symptom of down syndrome.Show MoreRelatedDown Syndrome3938 Words   |  16 Pages Having a Down syndrome is such a difficult situation for an individual to have. They have slow physical and mental capabilities that lead them to discrimination. Physical features of having a Down syndrome. Including flattening of the head; slanting of the eyelids; a gap between the first and the second toes; a depressed nasal bridge; relatively small ears, mouth, hands and feet; short stature; decreased muscle tone and loose ligaments among others. Not every child with Down syndrome has all of

Plum Bun A Novel With A Moral - 1448 Words

Jessie Redmon Fausets novel, Plum Bun, is a story of African American self-hatred told through the life of the protagonist, Angela Murray and her family, who are divided by color. Plum Bun was set in the 1920s, which was a time of tremendous change in America in many areas including technology, economics, and civil rights. During that decade, people were moving from farms and rural areas into cities where they began to focus on education in the school systems and civil rights. Cities like New York became filled with men and women seeking to educate themselves, thus developing into one of the most important civil rights movements - the Harlem Renaissance, or the New Negro Movement. In this movement African Americans, for the first time,†¦show more content†¦Society in America during the era forced people to act out these beliefs which had been fostered by white society to institutionalize and insure its superiority over the African American community. As viewed by white society, from slave-era and beyond, African Americans were often considered to be savage and unscrupulous. When Fauset describes Angelas mother, Mattie, she writes about Matties previou s employer, a disreputable actress, which only hired colored servants for hers was a carelessly conducted household, and she felt dimly that all coloured people are thickly streaked with immorality (Fauset 29). Jesse Redmon Fauset herself fought against this notion of black stereotyping during a time when many African American writers were succumbing to white publisher demands that the white perceived primitive black society be represented in literature. Despite rejections and difficulties, Fauset refused to satisfy the demands of the publishing establishment. Though she knew that the power to pass judgment on her work rested with the white male literary establishment, she refused to compromise her own artistic vision (McDowell xxvii). Even within the African American community there became a hierarchy regarding degrees of blackness. Zora Neale Hurston writes, circa 1930s, an informal Glossary of Harlem Slang which portrays the black color scale as: high yaller, yaller, highShow Mor eRelatedIssues of Racial Identity during the Harlem Renaissance Essay2014 Words   |  9 Pagesthat her novel Quicksand, was based on her life. Larsen was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1891. According to Wikipedia, she lived in Denmark for a few years and attended Fisk University before settling in Harlem, where she worked as a nurse and later becoming a librarian. She published her highly successful novel Quicksand in 1928. Another popular writer of the Harlem Renaissance was Jessie Redmond Fauset. Fauset was the author of the widely popular novel Plum Bun: A Novel Without Moral, which sheRead MoreA Dark Skinned, African America Woman As Well1982 Words   |  8 Pagesrace, she would have not have experiences depression and lost her self-worth. Susan Tomlinson, a professor and director of Clinical Study at Arcadia University called â€Å"The New Nego Woman as Cultural Worker in Jessie Redmond Fauset’s Plum Bun wrote an article in 2002 talks about the juncture between gender and race during the Harlem Renaissance era. She says it’s the time from of the upcoming New Negro and the New woman, Fauset symbolizes not just one but many subliminal issues on theRead MorePassing As An Integral Part Of African American Literature2601 Words   |  11 Pages387). This Quote is from Pamela Caughie‟s article â€Å"Passing as Modernism† which defines the reason behind passing, According to Caughie passing isn t simply pretending to be white, but is way for an individual to shift the confines of identity. Novels of passing have become an integral part of African American literature, main characters of such novel’s attempt to pass as white in order to circumvent the trials and tribulations black people go through while living in a white dominated society.Read More The Harlem Renaissance: Writers Reacting To Their Political Environment3405 Words   |  14 Pages He felt that the race could benefit more by focusing on the achievements of the black middle class than on the more unseemly side of the black experience. This led to his praise of the novels of female black writer Jessie Fauset, which told of the more educated class of blacks, and his sharp criticism of novels such as Nigger Heaven and their exploration of Harlemâ⠂¬â„¢s seamy underbelly. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Even if the concept of protest poetry was not a dominant literary form during the Harlem

Condition of JTB Theory Knowledge - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Condition of JTB Theory Knowledge. Answer: Introduction This is philosophical essay concerning the Gettier and justified truth. This essay will be dived into two main parts, that is the first part of a full description of the idea of what in the past many philosopher and authors termed knowledge to be. In this case, they termed knowledge to be justified truth. The second part is a result of the getters rejection on this definition of the knowledge by traditional JBT. The second part of this essay is a discussion on the attempts by Gettier to justify his objection to justified true knowledge as the definition of knowledge. The justified true knowledge is a theory that attempts to explain the situation and condition under which someone can or could be termed to have some knowledge of something. According to this theory, someone is termed to be knowing something if they have several conditions. They include a belief, if in fact, the person is true and if that person has been justified in that belief. A good example of the situation in this theory would be, I do believe I have two eyes, and indeed I have two eyes and for sure I have a justification of having these two eyes since I am using them to read this assignment. Therefore considering and according to justified true belief, I know I have two eyes. The developers of this theory have some explanation on the three compositions of what is termed to be knowledge. According to the truth condition, they state that what is generally false cannot be known. They use this phrase as a way of justifying the truth condition. They state that one can only know thin gs that are true only. Moreover, according to the developers of the JTB, we use the term knows when describing someone or people who are very confident on issues that turn out to be wrong at long last. In addition to the justification of the truth condition, they state that its not important for anyone to justify or have to prove something that is true.(Gettier, 2000) Considering the belief condition of the JTB theory of knowledge, the developers of this theory strongly feel that one cannot believe what he or she does not know. A person only believes in anything that they have a good knowledge on. If one fails to set their belief on something, it means that there is something they are not aware of. In other words, one may believe something on the condition or by virtue that they are pretty sure that its probably true. The developers think that knowledge without belief is impossible in many cases.(Ichikawa, 2001) On the other hand, the theory also has the justification condition. According to this theory, we can say knowledge is true belief but this will not be the true meaning of knowledge. They state that a belief can also be true even when formed improperly. This, therefore, calls for justification of ant true belief. For instance, an example to explain this situation would be; suppose that William flips a coin, and confidently believeson no particular basisthat it will land tails. If by chance the coin does land tails, then Williams belief was true; but a lucky guess such as this one is no knowledge. For William to know, his belief must in some epistemic sense be proper or appropriate: it must bejustified.(Nozick, 2002) Gettier's opposition to the JTB theory Gettier is a philosopher who appears to be opposing the JTB theory on what is termed to be knowledge. To some extent, just like other contemporary epistemologists, he accepts the depth and the adequacy of the JTB analysis and agrees with the fact that the JTB elements are important for the knowledge and its definition; however, he claims they are not sufficient to justify knowledge. He opposes this theory by stating that there are cases of already justified truth that cannot be termed as knowledge. Gettier gives an example of a man he calls Smith. In this example, he claims Smith is competing with Jones for a certain job and he has been told by the companys manager that the job is going to be awarded to Jones. He happens to know that Jones has some ten coins in his pocket, and this makes him think that any person who has some ten coins in his pocket will be awarded the job. According to Gettier, this can be termed a perfectly justified conclusion. Later on the case of Smith and Jones , the manager later awards the job to Smith and this makes him then justify his belief that anyone who has ten coins will be awarded the job since he has been awarded. Therefore his belief is true. Therefore, Gettier uses this example to oppose JTB theory in that, Smith knew that anyone who had coins with them could get the job. However, according to Gettier, it does not seem true that its an actual case of knowledge as we would have termed it. We cannot say Smith was correct just because of he but because in this situation he was lucky. This philosopher was trying to mean that sometimes, results of some actions is not because of the knowledge we have on that event or that activity but incidences of luck that may befall us giving a result that we expect. He states that JTB section of justification can be used to rule out the issue of luck when it comes to defining knowledge from the scene of events or activities. A lesson of the Gettier problem is that it appears that even true beli efs that are justified can nevertheless be epistemically lucky in a way inconsistent with knowledge. Gettier claims that it is possible for anything to be justified in believing a proposition even when that proposition is a fact false(Gettier E. L., 2003) Conclusion Sometimes we can excellent evidence for some proposition (we might even think that the evidence makes the truth of the proposition obvious), and then come to find that, all of the excellent evidence notwithstanding, the proposition is not true. Secondly, he draws our attention to the fact that the propositions we are justified in believing will often logically entail other propositions. If I recognize that entailment relation, then it follows that I will also be justified in believing the proposition or proposition that is entailed.(Gettier, 2014) Works Cited Gettier. (2000, Jan). IS justified true belief knowledge. Retrieved 11 30, 2017, from https://www.ditext.com/gettier/gettier.html Gettier, E. (2014, nov 9). Retrieved 11 30, 2017, from philosophy: https://www.cengage.com/philosophy/book_content/1439046948_feinberg/introductions/part_2/ch05/True_Belief_Gettier.html Gettier, E. L. (2003). Is justified true belief knowledge? Ichikawa, J. (2001). The analysis of knowledge. Retrieved 11 30, 2017, from Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/ Nozick, R. (2002). Excerpt from philosophical explanations.

Tennyson, Carlyle And The Tragic Hero Essay Example For Students

Tennyson, Carlyle And The Tragic Hero Essay The Tragic Hero: Tennysons Reinvention of the Hero as PoetI AM! yet what I am none cares or knows, My friends forsake me like a memory lost; I am the self-consumer of my woes, They rise and vanish, an oblivious host, Like shades in love and deaths oblivion lost; And yet I am! and live with shadows tost Into the nothingness of scorn and noise, Into the living sea of waking dreams, Where there is neither sense of life nor joys, But the vast shipwreck of my lifes esteems; And een the dearestthat I loved the best Are strangenay, rather stranger than the rest. We will write a custom essay on Tennyson, Carlyle And The Tragic Hero specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now John Clare1There is no more enduring theme in the truly Western body of literature, religion, and philosophy than that of the hero. Western thought apotheosizes the hero and the act of heroism. This practice is rooted in the heroic ages, where, as in the Iliad, the heroes of both sides have unique access to the gods and goddesses. The hero is the man who transcends with dirt under his fingernails and the dust of battle in his throat. He transcends through the savage wilds of Nature. In the West, too, the hero is known not only for physical skill or bravery, but also for inculcation of mental qualities, for cultivation of a superior sense of insight, a Higher vision and comprehension. Thomas Carlyle revives and revisits the ancient concepts of the hero and the heroic. Heroes have evolved into two hypothetically universal forms: the Hero as Man of Letters2, and the Hero as Poet 3. The Man of Letters and the Poet are closely linked in form, but exist as separate heroes. The Man of Lett ers transcends his socially imposed and self-imposed limitations, and the binding force of personal needs and wants. This hero is simply the best of Nature and is not thought to transcend it. The Man of Letters is genuine, and will be found discharging a function for us which is ever honourable, ever the highest;4 . The Man of Letterss purpose is to know and to teach a Divine Idea of the World5 . The Hero as Man of Letters brings its era what it requires: non religious guidance to a public whose social facets wane in spirituality. Carlyles hero is that of National Socialism, a person of ideals who lives in transcendence, who seeks to learn, to teach, to change, not simply to exist and know. It far from being the province only of someone in the profession of war. Alternately, The Hero as Poet is recognized as divine or as having a connection with the divine, not entirely unlike the Hero as Man of Letters, who is shaped by Nature and is innately and unconsciously sincere, incapable of being anything but unaffected. The Hero as Poet exists on a higher plane of existence, a person who belongs to all ages6 , capable of discerning the truth of existence, a truth that exists in all ages, rather than transcends with the era. Here we see a distinct split in Carlyles Hero as Man of Letters and Hero as Poet. The Hero as Poet is demi-divine, fundamentally linked with Natures secrets, to the gods, to the spiritual and that truth which eternally exists. He is divinely inspired. The Hero as Man of Letters, the layman, explores new truths and changes with time, bringing new ideas to society, changing it, moving it forward. The Hero as Poet exists for all time, whereas there is a Man of Letters for each time. Carlye seeks to invent heroes relevant to his era, for Victorian society. The Victorian Era wanes in ecclesiastical belief and experiences a desire to move forward rather than reflect on the past. This society suffers the death of antiquated heroes and a connection with the spiritual/supernatural. Victorians were concerned with material progress, not spiritual. Carlyle cannot overstate his certainty that each age needs a hero, someone to inspire, to lead a society to change and growth. Heroes emerge in a time of crisis, when they are needed most, and according to Carlyle, the Hero as Poet is the best suited for this age. The Victorians are separating the secular from the spiritual, which plunges them into a state of crisis. Poetry, then, is the new church of the Victorian Age and its hero the poet. Yet does this new hero have an audience, a following? Alfred Lord Tennyson, poet of the 19th Century, suggests that Carlyles Hero as Poet does not have an audience and the Victorian people fail to recognize any manner of hero. The Hero as Poet exists yet his efforts are unnoticed and unappreciated. Tennysons exploration of Carlyles Hero as Poet and its relevance in Victorian society is best typified in his poems Ulysses and The Lady of Shalott. In these works, the poet is seen as no less heroic than in Carlyles illustration, nor the need for them in Victorian society undermined. Instead, they are reclassified as a tragic hero, as the integration of the Hero as Poet into society, or their attempts for recognition, go tragically unnoticed. .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .postImageUrl , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:hover , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:visited , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:active { border:0!important; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:active , .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4 .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f52a5fde0ea348554c098d76efefac4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: passage to india Persuasive EssayIt is interesting to see Tennysons reinvention of the quintessential classic Greco-Roman hero, Ulysses. The poem itself is a metaphor for the crisis taking place in Victorian society. The island of Ithaca can be meant for England. Ulysses, an archetypal hero of yore, whose reputation grew from adventures and conquests and deeds done in battle returns to Ithaca unrecognized as a hero to his people, who forget him, as can be seen in these first lines;It little profits that an idle king,By this still hearth, among these barren crags,Matchd with an aged wife, I mete and doleUnequal laws unto a savage race,That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and kn ow not me. (Ulysses, 1-5)If the people of Ithaca represent Victorian society, the references to hoarding are parallels to the Victorian obsession with the material, to sleep, their spiritual dormancy, and to feed, their hunger for knowledge. They do not recognize the hero. We begin to see the development of Ulysses as a Hero as a Man of Letters. He equates himself with regular men, or at least his fellow Mariners, when he says,All times I have enjoydGreatly, have sufferd greatly, both with thoseThat loved me, and alone; on shore, and whenThro scudding drifts the rainy HyadesVext the dim sea. (Ulysses, 7-11)Ulysses expresses a desire to move forward, not to stagnate, How dull it is to pause, to make an end (Ulysses, 22). This forward looking attitude is typically Victorian. Ulysses desires to follow knowledge like a sinking star (Ulysses, 31) Here, Ulysses echoes of martyrdom and the pursuit of something tragically noble. He recognizes his inability to be a hero to his people, and hi s inability to lead them into change when he speaks of his son;This is my son, mine own Telemachus,To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle discerning to fulfilThis labour, by slow prudence to make mildA rugged people Most blameless is he, centered in the sphereOf common duties (Ulysses, 33-40)Ulysses cannot be a hero to the Ithacans (and he insinuates that it is a lowly sort of hero to tame the rugged people), yet he is still determined to be heroic;Death closes all but something ere the end,Some work of noble note, may yet be done,Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods. (Ulysses, 50-52)Ulysses paints the pictures of the tragic hero sailing off into the sunset, in search of knowledge purely for the sake of knowledge, experience for experiences sake;Tis not too late to seek a newer world. Push off, and sitting well in order smiteThe sounding furrows; for my purpose holdsTo sail beyond the sunset (Ulysses, 57-60)Here, Ulysses attempts to be convincing an audience of his quest. He desires a following, an audience, and as Carlyle states, a hero needs the recognition of an audience and a following to be a successful (active) hero. Yet two linked questions arise from this predicament: Who is Ulysses audience, and if there is one, is he successful in gaining this following? The audience is never determined in Tennysons poem, save for the obvious audience, the reader. Additionally, it is never determined if Ulysses is successful in creating a following. The obscurity and question of the audience, or lack thereof, is the basis for Tennnysons questioning the legitimacy or resonance of the Hero as Poet in Victorian society. The question itself suggests there isnt an audience, and that all Ulysses noble words fall on deaf ears. The suggestion that the Ithacan people and the Vict orian people are both in crisis and need a hero, but are denying themselves of salvation, of leadership in their time of crisis. There is no place for the Hero as Poet in Ithacan or Victorian society, which makes him a tragic hero. .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .postImageUrl , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:hover , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:visited , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:active { border:0!important; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:active , .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02 .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u598b2d47459bee2d9599f0be3896de02:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maturity Levels in Characters EssayThis attitude is tightly woven into Tennysons The Lady of Shalott, and the tragic nature of the Hero as Poet is embodied in the Lady herself in her attempts for recognition in a world that cannot comprehend what she is. The Lady of Shalott is an isolated hero, alone in Four gray walls, and four gray towers And the silent isle embowersThe Lady of Shalott. (L.S., 15-18)She is unseen by the rest of the world, as a Hero as Poet would be in Victorian society. Only farmers hear her song echoing in the forest, yet they do not understand what they are hearing. They speculate that it is the fairy Lady of Shalott (L.S., 35-36). It is learned the Lady is an artist, a hero with a unique and divinely connected perspective on the world. She weaves by night and day a magic web (L.S., 37-38) and she sees thro a mirror clearThat hangs before her all the year,Shadows of the world appear. (L.S., 46-48)This is blatantly a portrayal of Carlyles Hero as Poet. The Lady has a magic (divine) way of seeing the world, and in her towers she looks down on the world, therefore having a loftier perspective and a more exalted position than the rest of society physically being higher. Tennyson hints of traditional lofty Greek tragic heroes when the Lady of Shalott is warned of a curse, as Oedipus Rex (among other trag ic heroes) are given hints or warnings as to their fates;She has heard a whisper say,A curse is on her if she stayTo look down to Camelot. She knows not what the curse may be (L.S., 39-42)At one point, the Lady is likened to Tierseias, a famously mythological Greek prophet, or an oracle, when Tennyson says Like some bold se?r in a trance,Seeing all his own mischanceWith a glassy countenance (L.S., 128-130)In these lines, the Lady of Shalott is compared to the mirror in which she sees the world, again affirming Carlyes image of Hero as Poet. Yet like all tragic heroes, the Lady of Shalott disregards the warning, cannot escape her fate, looks down upon Camelot and leaves her castle to join society and be recognized for who she is. Yet, she is sadly unrecognized. As the Lady of Shalott winds her way closer to society, as the boat-head wound along/The willowy hills and fields (L.S., 141-142) she begins to die. She sings, hoping to be recognized, but only a carol, mournful, holy,/Chanted loudly, chanted lowly (L.S., 145-146) was heard Till her blood was frozen slowly,And her eyes were darkend wholly,Turned to towerd Camelot. For ere she reachd upon the tide The first house by the water-side,Singing in her song she died,The Lady of Shalott. (L.S., 147-153)Tennyson in these lines reaffirms his belief that the Hero as Poet has no place in Victorian society and cannot exist. As the Lady of Shalott edges closer and closer to society, she too ceases to exist. Like Ulysses, the Lady of Shalott is recognized only as a name, And round the prow they read her name (L.S., 161) and she came silent into Camelot (L.S., 158) which means that society cannot recognize the Lady of Shalott as the singer, as the voice in the forest, because she is no longer singing. Lancelot, the alternate portrayal of a hero Tennyson introduces in The Lady of Shalott, also fails to recognize the Lady for who she is. He only comments that she has a lovely face (L.S., 169) and thinks to offer her a prayer, as he might for anyone. Tennyson shows the distance between the hero and Victorian society in his poetry by commenting on this situation w ith mythological or legendary figures. He writes of people in a fantastic past that were once revered but are antiquated in Victorian society. Though he seems to be in concurrence with Carlyle in his expression that the hero is necessity, he is not wrong when he says that the Hero as Poet is unsuccessful in Victorian society. This is shown in the want of an audience or following for this timeless hero, and also in the distancing Tennyson creates with fictitious heroes in his poetry, such as King Arthur, Ulysses, the Lady of Shalott, Tithonus and Sir Galahad. This demonstrates the Victorian disconnection with the heroic, their uncoupling with the spiritual with the secular, and emphasizes the tragic nature of Carlyles hero in Victorian societys period of crisis. Poetry Essays

Pyrrhus, the Pyrrhic War, and the Defense of Tarentum

Pyrrhus, the Pyrrhic War, and the Defense of Tarentum Spartas one colony, Tarentum, in Italy, was a wealthy commercial center with a navy, but an inadequate army. When a Roman squadron of ships arrived at the coast of Tarentum, in violation of a treaty of 302 that denied Rome access to its harbor, the Tarentines sank the ships, killed the admiral, and added insult to injury by spurning Roman ambassadors. To retaliate, the Romans marched on Tarentum, which hired soldiers from King Pyrrhus of Epirus (in modern Albania) to help defend it. Pyrrhus troops were heavy-armed foot soldiers with lances, a cavalry, and a herd of elephants. They fought the Romans in the summer of 280 B.C. The Roman legions were equipped with (ineffective) short swords, and the Roman cavalry horses couldnt stand against the elephants. The Romans were routed, losing about 7000 men, but Pyrrhus lost perhaps 4000, whom he couldnt afford to lose. Despite his diminished manpower, Pyrrhus advanced from Tarentum to the city of Rome. Arriving there, he realized he had made a mistake and asked for peace, but his offer was rejected. Soldiers had always come from the propertied classes, but under the blind censor Appius Claudius, Rome now drew troops from citizens without property. Appius Claudius was from a family whose name was known throughout Roman history. The gens produced Clodius Pulcher (92-52 B.C.) the flamboyant tribune whose gang caused trouble for Cicero, and the Claudians in the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Roman emperors. An evil early Appius Claudius pursued and brought a fraudulent legal decision against a free woman, Verginia, in 451 B.C. They trained through the winter and marched in the spring of 279, meeting Pyrrhus near Ausculum. Pyrrhus again won by virtue of his elephants and again, at great cost to himself a Pyrrhic victory. He returned to Tarentum and again asked Rome for peace. A couple of years later, Pyrrhus attacked Roman troops near Malventum/Beneventum; this time, unsuccessfully. Defeated, Pyrrhus left with the surviving fraction of the troops he had brought with him. When the garrison Pyrrhus had left behind in Tarentum departed in 272, Tarentum fell to Rome. In the terms of their treaty, Rome did not require the people of Tarentum to supply troops, as it did with most allies, but instead Tarentum had to provide ships. Rome now controlled Magna Graecia in the south, as well as most of the rest of Italy to the Gauls in the north. Source: A History of the Roman Republic, by Cyril E. Robinson, NY Thomas Y. Crowell Company Publishers: 1932

Free Essays on Freud

â€Å" †¦ We come upon a contention which is so astonishing that we must dwell upon it. This contention holds that what we call our civilization is largely responsible for our misery and that we should give it up and return to primitive conditions...† (Page 38) Freud states this, meaning that in every way we try to protect our selves from civilization, it is civilization itself that is making us suffer. Freud argues that civilization has its good and bad points. Some good points in civilization are the medicines that we use, different variations of travel, computers and highways. Some of the bad things that come from civilization are terrorism and the weapons that are used for terrorism. Freud states that humans are not secure in their civilization itself. He states that in the earlier ages there were extenuating circumstances including culture, etc. that made happiness impossible. In trying to pursue happiness, the cause is not worth while; for suffering always plays apart which ultimately causes failure. Freud also argues the amount of frustration that civilization imposes on our instincts are much greater than it ought to be. He states the civilization is discontented because our instincts are being forced out. Now our instincts are inborn. So when we have an instinct, it would not be conscience. Now, Civilization is the imposition on our freedom by a higher power, this makes human kind mad. Man wants only to be happy, but there are many things inside of us whether they are unconscious, or conscience that won’t let us be happy. Freud talks about the â€Å"ID† which is the unconscious self, in terms of the reality principle. And then the Ego, which is the conscience self. Freud says that man created a god like figure. This would contribute to dreams of man. Freud would explain this as, that man wants a father like figure, ... Free Essays on Freud Free Essays on Freud â€Å" †¦ We come upon a contention which is so astonishing that we must dwell upon it. This contention holds that what we call our civilization is largely responsible for our misery and that we should give it up and return to primitive conditions...† (Page 38) Freud states this, meaning that in every way we try to protect our selves from civilization, it is civilization itself that is making us suffer. Freud argues that civilization has its good and bad points. Some good points in civilization are the medicines that we use, different variations of travel, computers and highways. Some of the bad things that come from civilization are terrorism and the weapons that are used for terrorism. Freud states that humans are not secure in their civilization itself. He states that in the earlier ages there were extenuating circumstances including culture, etc. that made happiness impossible. In trying to pursue happiness, the cause is not worth while; for suffering always plays apart which ultimately causes failure. Freud also argues the amount of frustration that civilization imposes on our instincts are much greater than it ought to be. He states the civilization is discontented because our instincts are being forced out. Now our instincts are inborn. So when we have an instinct, it would not be conscience. Now, Civilization is the imposition on our freedom by a higher power, this makes human kind mad. Man wants only to be happy, but there are many things inside of us whether they are unconscious, or conscience that won’t let us be happy. Freud talks about the â€Å"ID† which is the unconscious self, in terms of the reality principle. And then the Ego, which is the conscience self. Freud says that man created a god like figure. This would contribute to dreams of man. Freud would explain this as, that man wants a father like figure, ... Free Essays on Freud Sigmund Freud, Rene Descartes, and B.F. Skinner all share different beliefs and ideas regarding mankind and man’s place in society. There are many distinctions between the three on the subjects of individuality and religion. The mind and body relationship also varies. Freud believes that the individual is helpless to his/her animal instincts and primal desires. Man possesses only a small amount of self-control. This self-control is simply self-awareness. Man is aware that he is a living, breathing being who must interact with other people in a conformed society. The organization and rules of a civilization repress man’s primal desires. He is constantly faced with trials and tribulations in which he is expected to respond to in a civilized manner. According to Freud, this repression only leads to bigger problems and ultimately it is the cause of man’s unhappiness. The response to these problems is guilt. Guilt is a civilized way of expression. If man would only follow his instincts, those that have been biologically and genetically implanted within him, the world might be a different and possibly better place. Presently, man is just a wild animal trapped in a cage. Descartes’ ideas on the individual are quite the opposite of Freud’s. In his Meditations, man is described as â€Å"a thinking thing†¦It is a thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, abstains from willing, that also can be aware of images and sensations.† (pg. 206) The body is simply a container for the mind. The mind and the soul are the most important parts of the individual because they are everlasting. The body will eventually perish and return to the earth. The mind and the soul will be eternal. Man is born with a place in the world for himself. His physical senses may detect varying factors in the world around him. Regardless of his surroundings, he will always be the same person. Skinner describes man as being a produ... Free Essays on Freud Freud Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the idea of psychoanalysis. Many physicians at that time turned down Freud’s idea, that one could have mental and physical problems which dwelled from deep with in a person. However, Freud continued his studies, and has contributed a lot to the world of psychology. Freud has shown the world that the mind is a powerful tool, and he also proved that physical illness could be a link to mental thoughts. (Hacker) Since Freud’s success in psychology, psychoanalysis has become an important topic to psychology. In the 1890’s, psycholoanalysis developed from a Viennese physician named Sigmund Freud. (Grolier) Freud, along with his followers used psychoanalysis to branch off into the world of psychology. The definition of psychoanalysis can best be defined as emphasizing the roles of unconscious mental forces and conflicts in determining behavior." (Wood 27) The main branch of psychology is "normal thinking" of the mind. Freud thought that many of our problems lived inside of our unconsciousness and we where not aware of this. It is a body of knowledge which sets apart from the traditional psychology, psychotherapy, and also psychopathology. (Funk & Wagnall Encyclopedia) In psychology, these deal more with religion, education, mythology, and with life in general. Freud’s idea of psychoanalysis, deals more with the conflict that our minds encounter. Freud believed in three types of related activities they are; a method of research into the minds of humans, especially inner experiences which holds our dreams, fantasies, feelings, thoughts and emotions. Also, a great deal of knowledge of the mind, and its functions, and a system of treatment of emotional and psychological disorders. (Grolier) In Freud’s psychoanalysis, Freud believed that all humans were born with instincts which drive a person to act the way in which they do. There are two classifications for this they... Free Essays on Freud Freud is not a Sexist By: Anonymous Many feminist critics have perceived Freud to be an active force in Victorian gender politics that claim women’s inferiority. His attitudes towards women, as reflected in his psychoanalyses, consciously reflect the patriarchal assumptions of Victorian society, but unconsciously reject gender roles and stereotypes about women. Freud is therefore complicit in accepting sexist perceptions of women, but is not a perpetrator who attempts to entrench patriarchy by portraying women as inferior. Because Freud is a victim of the prevalent stereotypes of society, feminist critics are unwarranted in characterizing him as an instigator of female degradation. Rather, his skewed perceptions reflect the male-chauvinist beliefs of his surroundings and influences. Freud’s relationships with his female patients indicate that he simultaneously identifies with and fails to understand women. In identifying with women patients, Freud demonstrates concern for the underlying causes of psycholo gical affliction, namely the constricting nature of gender roles. This fixation with the feminine complaint is exemplified in particular by Freud’s dream of Irma and his case study of Dora, two recalcitrant female patients who refuse to accept his theories. Freud’s failure to completely understand his female patients, however, indicates that he has begun to question patriarchal assumptions by realizing that fulfillment of stereotypically female roles leaves women unfulfilled. Unfortunately, he has not acted upon this realization because he consciously sees women through the clouded lens of Victorian bias. Because Freud fails to bring his unconscious desire to reject gender roles to the conscious surface, he never completely frees himself from the sexist influences of Victorian society and therefore relinquishes the ability to fully cure his female patients. The gender roles that prevailed in Victorian society were reflecti... Free Essays on Freud For many years Ireland has been internationally recognised as a nation who enjoy the odd tipple. You only have to browse through the various mementos on sale in such shops as Mary’s on O’Connell St, or O’Carrolls on Grafton St, to understand why this image of a boozy nation is so renound worldwide. We intentionally export the jovial image of the drunken leprechaun or of the old man sitting by the fire in his local nursing a pint of Guinness by the fire, yet beneath this humorous faà §ade lies a worrying social phenomenon. In the past decade alone there has been a significant increase in the alcohol consumption of this country whilst the figures for our European counterparts, like France, have reportedly dropped by a third. Ireland and Britain remain the only western countries where there has been an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed. A quarter of all hospital admissions in this country are drink related and over a half of the casualty admissions are for the same reason. At three point five billion euros, we spend more on drink than we do on the health service. According to a recent survey, Irish teens are the biggest binge drinkers in the European Union. Binge drinking is defined as â€Å"the consumption of five or more drinks in a row on at least one occasion.† In America where there has been a major decline in alcohol consumption in the past decade, their government and media have been aggressively pursuing the problem of alcohol abuse for some time. In recent years the Irish medi a have been following America’s footsteps. There is an increased frequency of articles focusing on alcohol abuse, many of which are littered with shocking facts to strengthen the impact. One such article revealed that drinking by college students alone contributes to 1,400 student deaths, 500,000 injuries and 70,000 cases of sexual assaults or date rape each year. This social phenomenon is not a recent development, but it is becoming pr... Free Essays on Freud Cipher Method or Symbolic Dream Interpretation In chapter two of Interpretation of Dreams, there are two methods discussed to extract the meanings of dreams and how they correlate to ones life. The first method is Symbolic Dream Interpretation. This means that objects or symbols that are dreamt about have a meaning to a future event. I do not believe in this method because it seems clear to me that people just create a theory to their dreams to fulfill something that they want to happen. The second theory is the Cipher Method, which is explained though an elaborate key of explanations. This method analyzes the details in the dream. Such details are the setting, people, familiarity to the place and symbolic objects. The cipher method seems to be the most accurate for interpretation. Freud did a lot of his research on his own dreams to gain symbolic meanings to things. So, for this paper I will analyze my own dream that is reoccurring. It takes place at my old High School. The time of day is at lunch of some kind of break. I am with my friends talking and the bell rings. Like normal everyone goes to class. I start my own behaviors as if I am going to class also. I get my bag and say â€Å"later† to my friends. I begin to walk and realize that I don’t have any idea where my class is or what class I have. So I try to imagine what direction I went the days before or I try to remember a context of a class setting. I can never figure it out. Sometimes, I end up in the office to ask them. However, the dream seems to end there because I became so overwhelmed with anxiety that I decided to give up and go home. So, now I will try to use the cipher method to analyze this dream. I will begin by saying that the setting of my High School actually does have some importance. This place resembles the pathway to my future. As we all can recall a lot of stress was associated with high school. Furthermore, I always stress ab...

Evaluation on the New Developments on Destination Management Systems Essay

Evaluation on the New Developments on Destination Management Systems - Essay Example ese factors include the different surroundings in which the operations of destination tourism take place considering the cultural and biophysical environment of tourism in the area, the manner in which the travelers and visitors behave and the patterns they follow for their travelling, the skills and abilities making the performance of the tourism personnel effective for the visitors, and the roles and responsibilities considered by the tourism department for plans of development (Moscardo 2008). Destination tourism holds the most important place among all other industries across the world. In many countries, tourism is the most important economic activity involving tourism destinations that have beaches, parks based on themes, cultural attractions for the visitors. Newer destinations are also continuously developed that do not necessarily follow the traditional tourism patterns and options. Visitors are attracted to such destinations that provide them with attractions, as well as wi th suitable climatic conditions and landforms. This indicates that geography also has a direct linkage with the patterns and attractions of destination tourism. Understanding of such factors and management of destination tourism thus holds significant importance as far as tourism is concerned (Hudman and Jackson 2003). Increasing the level of identity of the tourist destinations and a rising share in the market are the prime interests of all tourist destinations. This requires building up an effective strategy for the brand and participation of the stakeholders holds significant importance in this regard. Factors such as transportation, tourist businesses at the local level, centers for information, and groups of interests need coordination for the building up of the brand. Thus brand... This essay stresses that developments in destination management systems are mostly taken care of by public tourist organizations that have high provisions for all information and marketing. Destination management systems are responsible for the promotion, distribution, and operations of all destinations of small to medium sizes. Greater benefits are obtained from small and medium sized tourism and hospitality enterprises (SMTEs). This paper makes a conclusion that DMS is an essential feature as far as current tourism destination is concerned. Use of systems for the marketing and management of tourism services makes the process more effective and easy to handle as well. As could be obtained from the study, the use of ICT has been quite effectively been made by the DMS thus allowing the internet technology to enable online marketing of tourist destinations highly efficient. With online techniques, the communications of information become easier that enables a particular location to attract greater number of customers. Before selecting a particular destination, the customers are provided with all information and attractions of the location thus making it easy for them to decide. Online reservations are also helpful and effective. However the problem that still lies with the effective implementation of DMS as a whole, including the use of information technology for maintaining databases, and developing the commun ications and information sharing processes, has not yet been successfully supported by the public and private sectors of several destinations.