Pyrrhus, the Pyrrhic War, and the Defense of Tarentum

Pyrrhus, the Pyrrhic War, and the Defense of Tarentum Spartas one colony, Tarentum, in Italy, was a wealthy commercial center with a navy, but an inadequate army. When a Roman squadron of ships arrived at the coast of Tarentum, in violation of a treaty of 302 that denied Rome access to its harbor, the Tarentines sank the ships, killed the admiral, and added insult to injury by spurning Roman ambassadors. To retaliate, the Romans marched on Tarentum, which hired soldiers from King Pyrrhus of Epirus (in modern Albania) to help defend it. Pyrrhus troops were heavy-armed foot soldiers with lances, a cavalry, and a herd of elephants. They fought the Romans in the summer of 280 B.C. The Roman legions were equipped with (ineffective) short swords, and the Roman cavalry horses couldnt stand against the elephants. The Romans were routed, losing about 7000 men, but Pyrrhus lost perhaps 4000, whom he couldnt afford to lose. Despite his diminished manpower, Pyrrhus advanced from Tarentum to the city of Rome. Arriving there, he realized he had made a mistake and asked for peace, but his offer was rejected. Soldiers had always come from the propertied classes, but under the blind censor Appius Claudius, Rome now drew troops from citizens without property. Appius Claudius was from a family whose name was known throughout Roman history. The gens produced Clodius Pulcher (92-52 B.C.) the flamboyant tribune whose gang caused trouble for Cicero, and the Claudians in the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Roman emperors. An evil early Appius Claudius pursued and brought a fraudulent legal decision against a free woman, Verginia, in 451 B.C. They trained through the winter and marched in the spring of 279, meeting Pyrrhus near Ausculum. Pyrrhus again won by virtue of his elephants and again, at great cost to himself a Pyrrhic victory. He returned to Tarentum and again asked Rome for peace. A couple of years later, Pyrrhus attacked Roman troops near Malventum/Beneventum; this time, unsuccessfully. Defeated, Pyrrhus left with the surviving fraction of the troops he had brought with him. When the garrison Pyrrhus had left behind in Tarentum departed in 272, Tarentum fell to Rome. In the terms of their treaty, Rome did not require the people of Tarentum to supply troops, as it did with most allies, but instead Tarentum had to provide ships. Rome now controlled Magna Graecia in the south, as well as most of the rest of Italy to the Gauls in the north. Source: A History of the Roman Republic, by Cyril E. Robinson, NY Thomas Y. Crowell Company Publishers: 1932

Free Essays on Freud

â€Å" †¦ We come upon a contention which is so astonishing that we must dwell upon it. This contention holds that what we call our civilization is largely responsible for our misery and that we should give it up and return to primitive conditions...† (Page 38) Freud states this, meaning that in every way we try to protect our selves from civilization, it is civilization itself that is making us suffer. Freud argues that civilization has its good and bad points. Some good points in civilization are the medicines that we use, different variations of travel, computers and highways. Some of the bad things that come from civilization are terrorism and the weapons that are used for terrorism. Freud states that humans are not secure in their civilization itself. He states that in the earlier ages there were extenuating circumstances including culture, etc. that made happiness impossible. In trying to pursue happiness, the cause is not worth while; for suffering always plays apart which ultimately causes failure. Freud also argues the amount of frustration that civilization imposes on our instincts are much greater than it ought to be. He states the civilization is discontented because our instincts are being forced out. Now our instincts are inborn. So when we have an instinct, it would not be conscience. Now, Civilization is the imposition on our freedom by a higher power, this makes human kind mad. Man wants only to be happy, but there are many things inside of us whether they are unconscious, or conscience that won’t let us be happy. Freud talks about the â€Å"ID† which is the unconscious self, in terms of the reality principle. And then the Ego, which is the conscience self. Freud says that man created a god like figure. This would contribute to dreams of man. Freud would explain this as, that man wants a father like figure, ... Free Essays on Freud Free Essays on Freud â€Å" †¦ We come upon a contention which is so astonishing that we must dwell upon it. This contention holds that what we call our civilization is largely responsible for our misery and that we should give it up and return to primitive conditions...† (Page 38) Freud states this, meaning that in every way we try to protect our selves from civilization, it is civilization itself that is making us suffer. Freud argues that civilization has its good and bad points. Some good points in civilization are the medicines that we use, different variations of travel, computers and highways. Some of the bad things that come from civilization are terrorism and the weapons that are used for terrorism. Freud states that humans are not secure in their civilization itself. He states that in the earlier ages there were extenuating circumstances including culture, etc. that made happiness impossible. In trying to pursue happiness, the cause is not worth while; for suffering always plays apart which ultimately causes failure. Freud also argues the amount of frustration that civilization imposes on our instincts are much greater than it ought to be. He states the civilization is discontented because our instincts are being forced out. Now our instincts are inborn. So when we have an instinct, it would not be conscience. Now, Civilization is the imposition on our freedom by a higher power, this makes human kind mad. Man wants only to be happy, but there are many things inside of us whether they are unconscious, or conscience that won’t let us be happy. Freud talks about the â€Å"ID† which is the unconscious self, in terms of the reality principle. And then the Ego, which is the conscience self. Freud says that man created a god like figure. This would contribute to dreams of man. Freud would explain this as, that man wants a father like figure, ... Free Essays on Freud Sigmund Freud, Rene Descartes, and B.F. Skinner all share different beliefs and ideas regarding mankind and man’s place in society. There are many distinctions between the three on the subjects of individuality and religion. The mind and body relationship also varies. Freud believes that the individual is helpless to his/her animal instincts and primal desires. Man possesses only a small amount of self-control. This self-control is simply self-awareness. Man is aware that he is a living, breathing being who must interact with other people in a conformed society. The organization and rules of a civilization repress man’s primal desires. He is constantly faced with trials and tribulations in which he is expected to respond to in a civilized manner. According to Freud, this repression only leads to bigger problems and ultimately it is the cause of man’s unhappiness. The response to these problems is guilt. Guilt is a civilized way of expression. If man would only follow his instincts, those that have been biologically and genetically implanted within him, the world might be a different and possibly better place. Presently, man is just a wild animal trapped in a cage. Descartes’ ideas on the individual are quite the opposite of Freud’s. In his Meditations, man is described as â€Å"a thinking thing†¦It is a thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills, abstains from willing, that also can be aware of images and sensations.† (pg. 206) The body is simply a container for the mind. The mind and the soul are the most important parts of the individual because they are everlasting. The body will eventually perish and return to the earth. The mind and the soul will be eternal. Man is born with a place in the world for himself. His physical senses may detect varying factors in the world around him. Regardless of his surroundings, he will always be the same person. Skinner describes man as being a produ... Free Essays on Freud Freud Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the idea of psychoanalysis. Many physicians at that time turned down Freud’s idea, that one could have mental and physical problems which dwelled from deep with in a person. However, Freud continued his studies, and has contributed a lot to the world of psychology. Freud has shown the world that the mind is a powerful tool, and he also proved that physical illness could be a link to mental thoughts. (Hacker) Since Freud’s success in psychology, psychoanalysis has become an important topic to psychology. In the 1890’s, psycholoanalysis developed from a Viennese physician named Sigmund Freud. (Grolier) Freud, along with his followers used psychoanalysis to branch off into the world of psychology. The definition of psychoanalysis can best be defined as emphasizing the roles of unconscious mental forces and conflicts in determining behavior." (Wood 27) The main branch of psychology is "normal thinking" of the mind. Freud thought that many of our problems lived inside of our unconsciousness and we where not aware of this. It is a body of knowledge which sets apart from the traditional psychology, psychotherapy, and also psychopathology. (Funk & Wagnall Encyclopedia) In psychology, these deal more with religion, education, mythology, and with life in general. Freud’s idea of psychoanalysis, deals more with the conflict that our minds encounter. Freud believed in three types of related activities they are; a method of research into the minds of humans, especially inner experiences which holds our dreams, fantasies, feelings, thoughts and emotions. Also, a great deal of knowledge of the mind, and its functions, and a system of treatment of emotional and psychological disorders. (Grolier) In Freud’s psychoanalysis, Freud believed that all humans were born with instincts which drive a person to act the way in which they do. There are two classifications for this they... Free Essays on Freud Freud is not a Sexist By: Anonymous Many feminist critics have perceived Freud to be an active force in Victorian gender politics that claim women’s inferiority. His attitudes towards women, as reflected in his psychoanalyses, consciously reflect the patriarchal assumptions of Victorian society, but unconsciously reject gender roles and stereotypes about women. Freud is therefore complicit in accepting sexist perceptions of women, but is not a perpetrator who attempts to entrench patriarchy by portraying women as inferior. Because Freud is a victim of the prevalent stereotypes of society, feminist critics are unwarranted in characterizing him as an instigator of female degradation. Rather, his skewed perceptions reflect the male-chauvinist beliefs of his surroundings and influences. Freud’s relationships with his female patients indicate that he simultaneously identifies with and fails to understand women. In identifying with women patients, Freud demonstrates concern for the underlying causes of psycholo gical affliction, namely the constricting nature of gender roles. This fixation with the feminine complaint is exemplified in particular by Freud’s dream of Irma and his case study of Dora, two recalcitrant female patients who refuse to accept his theories. Freud’s failure to completely understand his female patients, however, indicates that he has begun to question patriarchal assumptions by realizing that fulfillment of stereotypically female roles leaves women unfulfilled. Unfortunately, he has not acted upon this realization because he consciously sees women through the clouded lens of Victorian bias. Because Freud fails to bring his unconscious desire to reject gender roles to the conscious surface, he never completely frees himself from the sexist influences of Victorian society and therefore relinquishes the ability to fully cure his female patients. The gender roles that prevailed in Victorian society were reflecti... Free Essays on Freud For many years Ireland has been internationally recognised as a nation who enjoy the odd tipple. You only have to browse through the various mementos on sale in such shops as Mary’s on O’Connell St, or O’Carrolls on Grafton St, to understand why this image of a boozy nation is so renound worldwide. We intentionally export the jovial image of the drunken leprechaun or of the old man sitting by the fire in his local nursing a pint of Guinness by the fire, yet beneath this humorous faà §ade lies a worrying social phenomenon. In the past decade alone there has been a significant increase in the alcohol consumption of this country whilst the figures for our European counterparts, like France, have reportedly dropped by a third. Ireland and Britain remain the only western countries where there has been an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed. A quarter of all hospital admissions in this country are drink related and over a half of the casualty admissions are for the same reason. At three point five billion euros, we spend more on drink than we do on the health service. According to a recent survey, Irish teens are the biggest binge drinkers in the European Union. Binge drinking is defined as â€Å"the consumption of five or more drinks in a row on at least one occasion.† In America where there has been a major decline in alcohol consumption in the past decade, their government and media have been aggressively pursuing the problem of alcohol abuse for some time. In recent years the Irish medi a have been following America’s footsteps. There is an increased frequency of articles focusing on alcohol abuse, many of which are littered with shocking facts to strengthen the impact. One such article revealed that drinking by college students alone contributes to 1,400 student deaths, 500,000 injuries and 70,000 cases of sexual assaults or date rape each year. This social phenomenon is not a recent development, but it is becoming pr... Free Essays on Freud Cipher Method or Symbolic Dream Interpretation In chapter two of Interpretation of Dreams, there are two methods discussed to extract the meanings of dreams and how they correlate to ones life. The first method is Symbolic Dream Interpretation. This means that objects or symbols that are dreamt about have a meaning to a future event. I do not believe in this method because it seems clear to me that people just create a theory to their dreams to fulfill something that they want to happen. The second theory is the Cipher Method, which is explained though an elaborate key of explanations. This method analyzes the details in the dream. Such details are the setting, people, familiarity to the place and symbolic objects. The cipher method seems to be the most accurate for interpretation. Freud did a lot of his research on his own dreams to gain symbolic meanings to things. So, for this paper I will analyze my own dream that is reoccurring. It takes place at my old High School. The time of day is at lunch of some kind of break. I am with my friends talking and the bell rings. Like normal everyone goes to class. I start my own behaviors as if I am going to class also. I get my bag and say â€Å"later† to my friends. I begin to walk and realize that I don’t have any idea where my class is or what class I have. So I try to imagine what direction I went the days before or I try to remember a context of a class setting. I can never figure it out. Sometimes, I end up in the office to ask them. However, the dream seems to end there because I became so overwhelmed with anxiety that I decided to give up and go home. So, now I will try to use the cipher method to analyze this dream. I will begin by saying that the setting of my High School actually does have some importance. This place resembles the pathway to my future. As we all can recall a lot of stress was associated with high school. Furthermore, I always stress ab...

Evaluation on the New Developments on Destination Management Systems Essay

Evaluation on the New Developments on Destination Management Systems - Essay Example ese factors include the different surroundings in which the operations of destination tourism take place considering the cultural and biophysical environment of tourism in the area, the manner in which the travelers and visitors behave and the patterns they follow for their travelling, the skills and abilities making the performance of the tourism personnel effective for the visitors, and the roles and responsibilities considered by the tourism department for plans of development (Moscardo 2008). Destination tourism holds the most important place among all other industries across the world. In many countries, tourism is the most important economic activity involving tourism destinations that have beaches, parks based on themes, cultural attractions for the visitors. Newer destinations are also continuously developed that do not necessarily follow the traditional tourism patterns and options. Visitors are attracted to such destinations that provide them with attractions, as well as wi th suitable climatic conditions and landforms. This indicates that geography also has a direct linkage with the patterns and attractions of destination tourism. Understanding of such factors and management of destination tourism thus holds significant importance as far as tourism is concerned (Hudman and Jackson 2003). Increasing the level of identity of the tourist destinations and a rising share in the market are the prime interests of all tourist destinations. This requires building up an effective strategy for the brand and participation of the stakeholders holds significant importance in this regard. Factors such as transportation, tourist businesses at the local level, centers for information, and groups of interests need coordination for the building up of the brand. Thus brand... This essay stresses that developments in destination management systems are mostly taken care of by public tourist organizations that have high provisions for all information and marketing. Destination management systems are responsible for the promotion, distribution, and operations of all destinations of small to medium sizes. Greater benefits are obtained from small and medium sized tourism and hospitality enterprises (SMTEs). This paper makes a conclusion that DMS is an essential feature as far as current tourism destination is concerned. Use of systems for the marketing and management of tourism services makes the process more effective and easy to handle as well. As could be obtained from the study, the use of ICT has been quite effectively been made by the DMS thus allowing the internet technology to enable online marketing of tourist destinations highly efficient. With online techniques, the communications of information become easier that enables a particular location to attract greater number of customers. Before selecting a particular destination, the customers are provided with all information and attractions of the location thus making it easy for them to decide. Online reservations are also helpful and effective. However the problem that still lies with the effective implementation of DMS as a whole, including the use of information technology for maintaining databases, and developing the commun ications and information sharing processes, has not yet been successfully supported by the public and private sectors of several destinations.